• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1973

방부제(防腐劑)와 감마선(線)을 병용(倂用)한 pork sausage 의 저장효과를 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량적(殘存量的) 면(面)에서 비교 검토하기 위하여 저장 중 방부제잔존량(防腐劑殘存量)과 세균수(細菌數) 및 pH 를 저장온도별로 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 조사(照射)직후 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)은 조사선량(照射線量)에 비례하여 감소를 하였으며, AF-2에 비하여 K-SOA가 예민한 감수성(感受性)을 나타내었다(P<0.01). 2) 저장중 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)은 선량(線量)의 증가와 저온저장(低溫貯藏)에서 잔존율(殘存率)이 높았으며 K-SOA 보다는 AF-2의 감소율이 적었다. 3) 세균수(細菌數)의 증가는 방부제(防腐劑)의 잔존율(殘存率)과 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)을 보여(P<0.01) 선량(線量)의 증가, 저온저장(低溫貯藏) 및 AF-2가 세균증식억제(細菌增殖抑制)에 주요(主要)한 역할을 했음이 인정되었다. 4) 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)과 세균수(細菌數) 및 관능검사결과(官能檢査結果)와의 관계에서 0.50 Mrad 조사구(照射區)가 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)이나 저장성(貯藏性)에서 가장 우월하였고 조사취(照射臭) 및 산패취(酸敗臭)를 전연 생성하지 않았으므로 적정선량(適正線量)으로 하였다. 5) 소세지 표면(表面)의 heme 계색소(系色素)에 대한 감마선(線) 조사(照射)의 영향은 거의 인정할 수 없었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2009

This study examined the therapeutic effects of aromatherapy for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs. Eleven dogs with otitis externa were examined. The control group (5 dogs) was treated with susceptible antibiotics, and the experimental group (6 dogs) was treated with aroma-oil applied topically to the ear canal. The aroma-oil contained 10 ml sweet almond oil, 0.3 ml bergamot oil, 0.2 ml lavender oil, 0.1 ml tea tree oil and 0.1 ml roman chamomile oil. The blended aroma-oil (0.1 ml) was applied to the ear canal twice daily for 2 weeks. The authors examined the changes in the clinical signs, bacterial count in discharges, total WBC count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios in the two groups. The bacterial cell counts in the experimental group were significantly lower at one (p < 0.01) and two weeks (p < 0.05) after treatment than the control group. These results suggest that aromatherapy is an effective and practical treatment for otitis externa in dogs.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2013

Consistent information on the chemical composition and its seasonal variation of goat udder half milk is limited in Korea. The objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of goat milk to take establish various parameters into consideration on the pricing of the goat milk. Variations in chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial count of 1,038 udder half milk samples from 650 heads raised in 7 farms of Jeonnam province were determined by season. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), pH, SCC and bacterial counts were also analyzed. The average composition of the milk was: fat $3.80{\pm}1.36%$, protein $3.23{\pm}0.80%$, lactose $4.39{\pm}0.54%$, total solids $12.18{\pm}1.80%$, non-fat solids $8.38{\pm}0.80%$, and milk urea nitrogen $28.44{\pm}5.00mg/dL$. The average pH was $6.81{\pm}0.24$. The average of SCC and bacterial counts were $2.54{\pm}4.60{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $1.25{\pm}3.76{\times}10^5CFU/mL$, respectively. Chemical composition, pH, SCC and bacterial counts of dairy goat milk varied widely during the lactation period and by season. The fat concentration was the lowest in spring ($3.39{\pm}1.53%$) and the highest in autumn and winter ($3.98{\pm}1.30%$ and $3.98{\pm}1.48%$). Protein concentration was the lowest during summer ($2.92{\pm}0.48%$) and the highest in winter ($2.92{\pm}0.48%$). Lactose concentration was the lowest in autumn ($4.24{\pm}0.41%$) and the highest in spring ($4.58{\pm}0.35%$). The lowest total solid value was obtained in the spring season ($11.75{\pm}1.80%$) which was then increased in winter ($12.85{\pm}1.96%$). Non-fat solid concentration was the lowest in summer ($8.07{\pm}0.64%$) and the highest in autumn ($8.94{\pm}0.82%$). MUN concentration was the highest in summer ($8.07{\pm}0.64%$), and the pH concentration was the highest in spring at $6.93{\pm}0.27%$. Seasonal variation of SCC and bacterial count were the lowest in spring ($0.94{\pm}1.54{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $0.22{\pm}0.61{\times}10^5CFU/mL$, respectively) and was the highest in winter ($3.95{\pm}7.14{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $2.23{\pm}5.54{\times}10^4CFU/mL$, respectively).

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.258-263
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• 2001

집단급식에 공급되는 생계육에의 Campylobacter의 오염특성을 분석하기 위하여 경기지역의 한 공급업체의 단체급식용 생계육에서 Campylobacter를 분리.동정하고 특성을 분석하였다. 생계육에 오염된 일반 세균수는 $10^4$~$10^{6}$ CFU/g로 나타났고 Campylobacter를 분리를 위하여 증균배지와 선택배지를 사용하여 candle method과 microaerophilic chamber를 활용하여 일차적으로 205균주를 분리하였다. Gram staining, catalase, oxidase의 생화학적인 특성으로 28개의 균주를 분리하였고 pA와 pB의 primer를 사용한 PCR로 16개의 Campylobacter spp.를 동정할 수가 있었다. 특히 이들 중 9개의 균주가 42$^{\circ}C$도 뿐만아니고 $25^{\circ}C$에서도 생육이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 생계육의 초기 총균수가 평균적으로 $10^{5}$ CFU/g로 높은 것으로 나타났고 저온 생육가능한 Campyobacter도 많이 분포하고 있으므로 infective dose가 낮은 이들에 의한 식중독의 위해를 줄이기 위하여 대량 집단급식시 철저한 위생관리가 요구되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2012

In this study, the changes in the quality characteristics of $Kimchi$ added with fresh red pepper ($Capsicum$ $annuum$ L.) was investigated during 5 months of fermentation at $2^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of $Kimchi$ increased with an increase in the amount of added fresh red pepper, whereas the crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content decreased. The initial pH and total acidity of $Kimchi$ containing the fresh red pepper showed ranged from 4.96-5.36 and 0.27-0.33%, respectively. The pH and total acidity rapidly changed within a range of 4.27-4.37 and 0.53-0.55%, respectively, up to 2 months. The fructose and glucose content slowly changed up to 2 months and 3 months, respectively, and then gradually decreased afterwards. The total bacterial and lactic acid bacterial counts of $Kimchi$ containing the fresh red pepper gradually increased up to 2 months and 3 months, respectively, and then decreased thereafter. In addition, there was no difference between the $Kimchi$ containing the fresh red pepper and the control in the sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1114-1119
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• 2004

The biofilms on pipe walls in water distribution systems are of interest since they can lead to chlorine demand, coliform growth, pipe corrosion, and water taste and odor problems. As such, the study described in this paper is part of an AWWARF and Tampa Bay Water tailored collaboration project to determine the effect of blending different source waters on the water quality in various distribution systems. The project was based on 18 independent pilot distribution systems (PDS), each being fed by a different water blend (7 finished waters blended in different proportions). The source waters compared were groundwater, surface water, and brackish water, which were treated in a variety of pilot distribution systems, including reverse osmosis (RO) (desalination), both membrane and chemical softening, and ozonation-biological activated carbon (BAC), resulting in a total of 7 different finished waters. The observations from this study consistently demonstrated that unlined ductile iron was more heavily colonized by a biomass than galvanized steel, lined ductile iron, and PVC (in that order) and that the fixed biomass accumulation was more influenced by the nature of the supporting material than by the water quality (including the secondary residual levels). However, although the bulk liquid water cultivable bacterial counts (i.e. heterotrophic plate counts or HPCs) did not increase with a greater biofilm accumulation, the results also suggested that high HPCs corresponded to a low disinfectant residual more than a high biofilm inventory. Furthermore, temperature was found to affect the biofilms, plus the AOC was important when the residual was between 0.6 and 2.0 mg $Cl_2/l$. An additional aspect of the current study was that the potential of the exoproteolytic activity (PEPA) technique was used along with a traditional so-called destructive technique in which the biofilm was scrapped off the coupon surface, resuspended, and cultivated on an R2A agar. Both techniques indicated similar trends and relative comparisons among the PDSs, yet the culturable biofilm values for the traditional method were several orders of magnitude lower than the PEPA values.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1266-1273
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• 2008

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with antimicrobial activity and high exopolysaccharide (EPS) production ability isolated from sourdough were studied for their fermentation characteristics as potential new starter cultures. The values of pH, titratable acidity, and viable cell counts were $4.06{\pm}0.009-4.50{\pm}0.015,\;0.787{\pm}0.020%-1.172{\pm}0.018%,\;and\;8.78{\pm}0.08-8.98{\pm}0.06$ log CFU/ml, respectively. In order to select probiotics with a high survival rate in the gut, isolates were tested to assess resistance against the artificial gastric acid and bile juice. Viable LAB counts were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the acidity. At pH 2.0, the total declines in the initial bacterial counts were 4.52$\pm$0.07 log for S. thermophilus St-Body-1, >7.98$\pm$0.03 log for E. flavescens DU-10, >7.95$\pm$0.05 log for E. faecium DU-12, and 3.15$\pm$0.06 log for L. amylovorus DU-21. Among the strains, L. amylovorus DU-21 was the only strain that had bile tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In order to improve EPS production by L. amylovorus DU-21, the influence of carbon source was studied. When glucose was used as a carbon source, EPS production dramatically increased to 17.19$\pm$0.28 g/l (p<0.05). The maximum cell growth (10.012$\pm$>0.012 log CFU/ml) and EPS production (18.71$\pm$0.19 g/l) were achieved when 15 g/l of glucose was employed as the carbon source.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.556-562
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• 2007

A total of 126 crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight of $6.3{\pm}0.3$ kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pH of gastro-intestinal tract (GI), intestinal and fecal microflora of young piglets. Pigs were allocated to three dietary treatments based on body weight and gender in a single factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (No COS), T1 (0.2% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.1% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, and T2 (0.4% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.3% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates and 14 pigs were raised in each pen. COS is a low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan that can be obtained from chitin of the crab shell after deacetylation with concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature and then further decomposition by chitosanase enzyme in the presence of ascorbic acid. For the starter and grower periods, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio among treatments. However, during the overall period (6-30 kg), T2 showed better (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio than other treatments. A digestibility study was conducted at the end of grower phase which showed improvement (p<0.05) in DM and crude fat digestibility in T2 over the control. At 25 kg body weight, 6 pigs per treatment (2 per replicate) were sacrificed to determine the effect of diets on pH and microbial count at different sections of the GI tract. The pH of the cecal contents in pigs fed 0.1% COS was higher (p<0.05) than in the other treatments. Total anaerobic bacterial number increased from cecum to rectum in all treatments. The weekly total bacterial counts showed higher (p<0.05) in feces of pigs fed COS than that of untreated pigs at the $8^{th}$ week. The number of fecal E. coli in untreated pigs at $4^{th}$ wk was 7.35 log CFU/g compared to 6.71 and 6.54 log CFU/g in 0.1 and 0.3% COS-treated pigs, respectively. Similarly, at $8^{th}$ wk, fecal clostridium spp. were lower in pigs fed 0.3% COS (5.43 log CFU/g) than in untreated pigs (6.26 log CFU/g). In conclusion, these results indicated that chito-oligosaccharide could improve feed efficiency in young pigs and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.794-799
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 얼갈이배추김치, 열무김치 및 열무물김치를 제조하여 저장기간 동안 품질특성 및 질산염 함량의 변화를 측정하였다. 얼갈이배추김치와 열무김치는 실온 숙성을 거쳐 저장 4일까지 pH 감소가 두드러지게 나타난 반면 열무 물김치는 저장기간 18일 동안 pH가 지속적으로 감소하였다. 산도의 경우 얼갈이배추김치와 열무김치는 pH 변화와 반비례하여 저장 초기에 급격히 증가하였으며, 열무물김치도 이와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 총균수와 젖산균수는 열무김치와 얼갈이배추김치의 경우 발효 4일부터 18일까지 최대치를 기록한 후 감소하였다. 반면 열무물김치의 총균수와 젖산균수는 발효 4일째 최대치에 도달한 후 감소하기 시작하였다. 이러한 김치의 발효과정 중 미생물 변화의 결과는 일반 배추김치에서의 미생물 변화 양상과 유사하였다. 질산염 함량의 변화를 조사한 결과 얼갈이배추김치의 질산염은 담금 직후와 비교하여 실온 발효에 의해 유의하게 감소하였으며 이후 저장기간에도 감소가 지속되어 담금 직후 대비 11%가량 감소폭을 나타내었다. 열무김치와 열무물김치의 질산염 함량도 비슷한 변화 양상을 보이며 열무물김치는 담금 직후 대비 12%, 열무물김치는 5%가량 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.800-807
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• 2013

본 연구는 시판되고 있는 다진 마늘의 미생물학적 위생 상태와 품질에 대해 조사하고자 수행하였다. 대형마트와 재래시장에서 판매되는 마늘을 구입하여 시료로 사용하였다. 마늘의 형태에 따른 총균수의 변화는 2.55~7.40 log CFU/g이며 껍질을 벗기지 않은 통마늘의 경우 2.55 log CFU/g으로 가장 낮았으며 가공되어진 마늘의 총균수는 5.20~7.40 log CFU/g 수준이었다. 대장균군의 경우 다진 마늘이 3.80 log CFU/g으로 가장 높은 수준을 나타냈으며 통마늘은 검출되지 않았다. 가장 수요가 많은 다진 마늘의 계절별 미생물 평가를 한 결과 대형마트에서 구매한 경우 계절에 관계없이 5 log CFU/g 이하로 재래시장 및 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 구매한 다진 마늘의 총균수보다 낮았다. 여름철, 대부분의 재래시장 다진 마늘에서 대장균군수가 2.22~4.02 log CFU/g 수준이었으며 대형마트나 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서는 검출되지 않았다. 통마늘에 비해 가공되어진 마늘의 미생물수가 높아 가공 중의 오염 가능성을 볼 수 있으며, 대형마트에서 판매하는 다진 마늘이 재래시장이나 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 판매하는 마늘에 비해 위생적임을 알 수 있었다. 일부 대형마트 다진 마늘의 경우 pH가 4.96~5.17 수준으로 통마늘의 pH 수준인 7.40~7.50보다 낮게 나타났다. 시판 다진 마늘의 수분함량은 61.92~89.32% 수준으로 나타났으며, 국내산과 중국산 냉동마늘 중 일부 제품에서 수분함량이 75% 이상 수준을 나타내어 유의적인 차이가 있었다. L, a, b 값은 각각 52.63~64.47, -3.74~-0.62 및 10.67~17.88 수준으로 나타났다. 대형마트에서 구입한 다진 마늘 중 구연산을 첨가한 제품의 a 및 b값은 -3.74~-3.20, 10.67~13.90으로 다른 제품에 비해 갈변이 억제됨을 알 수 있었다.