• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.793-803
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• 2000

Procedures for treatment of molar furcation invasion defects range from open flap debridement, apically repositioned flap surgery, hemisection, tunneling or extraction, to regenerative therapies using bone grafting or guided tissue regenerative therapy, or a combination of both. Several clinical evaluations using regenerative techniques have reported the potential for osseous repair of treated furcation invasions. Regenerative treatment of maxillary molars are more difficult due to the multiple root anatomy and multiple furcation entrances therefore, purpose of this study was to evaluated histologically self-curing glass-ionomer cement and light-curing glass-ionomer cement as a barrier in the treatment of a bi-furcated maxillary premolar. Five adult beagle dogs were used in this experiment. With intrasulcular and crestal incision, mucoperiosteal flap was elevated. Following decortication with 1/2 high speed round bur, degree II furcation defect was made on maxillary third(P3), forth(P4) and fifth(P5) premolar. 2 month later experimental group were self-curing glassionomer cement and light-curing glassionomer cement. After 4, 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by vascular perfusion. Tissue block was excised including the tooth and prepared for light microscope with Gomori's trichrome staining. Results were as follows. 1. In all experiment group, there were not epithelial down growth and glass ionomer cement were encapsulated connective tissue. 2. In 4 weeks experiment I group slighly infiltrated inflammatory cells but not disturb the new bone or new cementum formation. 3. In 8 weeks, experiment groups I, II were encapsulated fine connective tissue. 4. Therefore glass-ionomer cement filling to the grade III maxillary furcations with multiple root anatomy and multiple furcation entrances were possible clinical methods and this technique is useful method for Maxillary furcation involvement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the expressions of CRP and M-CSF in the gingival tissues of the patients with chronic periodontitis associated to hypertension. Methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. Clinically healthy gingival tissue samples from systemically healthy 12 patients were categorized as group 1 (n=12). Inflammatory gingival tissue samples from patients with chronic periodontitis were categorized as group 2 (n=12). Inflammatory gingival tissue samples from patients with chronic periodontitis associated with hypertension were categorized as group 3 (n=12). Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of CRP and M-CSF were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: There were significant differences between group 1 and group 2 and between group 1 and group 3 in both CRP and M-CSF. The differences between group 2 and group 3 were not statistically significant in both proteins. However, the expression levels of CRP and M-CSF in hypertensive inflammatory gingiva showed increased tendency compared to non-hypertensive inflammatory gingiva. Conclusions: It is suggested that CRP and M-CSF might be used as inflammatory and bone resorption markers in periodontal diseased tissue. It is assumed that hypertension may be associated with the progression of periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2014

Purpose: Peri-implantitis and periodontitis are inflammatory and infectious diseases of implant and tooth-supporting tissues. Recently, the role of gene polymorphisms of immune response components in the relevant pathogenesis has been investigated. The present study was the first to evaluate the relationship between two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-${\beta}$ (RANK) gene (rs3018362 and rs35211496) in chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis patients in an Iranian population. Methods: Eighty-one periodontally healthy patients, 38 patients with peri-implantitis, and 74 patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. DNA was extracted from blood arm vein samples by using Miller's salting out technique according to the manufacturer's instructions given in the extraction kit. The concentration of DNA samples was measured using a spectrophotometer. The genetic polymorphisms of the RANK gene were evaluated using a competitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KBioscience allele specific PCR) technique. Differences in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles in the diseased and healthy groups were analyzed using chi-squared statistical tests (P<0.05). Results: Analysis of rs35211496 revealed statistically significant differences in the expression of the TT, TC, and CC genotypes among the three groups (P=0.00). No statistically significant difference was detected in this respect between the control group and the chronic periodontitis group. The expression of the GG, GA, and AA genotypes and allele frequencies (rs3018362) showed no statistically significant difference among the three groups (P=0.21). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the CC genotype of the rs35211496 RANK gene polymorphism was significantly associated with peri-implantitis and may be considered a genetic determinant for peri-implantitis, but this needs to be confirmed by further studies in other populations.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2008

Purpose: Many clinical studies have reported that higher success rates are achieved with teeth that have immature roots than other autotransplanted teeth that have more immature root. However, based on date published recently, the success rate of autotransplantation of teeth with complete root formation was higher. The purpose of this study was to examine the long term(2 to 6 years follow-up) success rate of autotransplantation of third molar with complete root formation and to discuss some conditions and prerequisites for success. Materials and Methods: 26 sites of 24 patients aged 26 to 55 (mean age 40.8) were autotransplanted with third molars with complete root formation. These cases were followed for 2 to 6 years after surgery. The success criteria included (1) no discomfort during functioning (2) absence of progressive root resorption and alveolar bone resorption. Result: Of 26 teeth 5 teeth were failed, therefore success rate is 81%(21/26 teeth). The results suggested that higher success rate is acquired from (1) extraction socket due to dental caries (2) mandibular recipient site (3) patient younger than 40 years old. Autotransplantation of third molar to replace molars with advanced periodontal disease also showed considerably high success rate(84%). Conclusion: With appropriate case selection, autotransplantation of third molar with complete root formation remains a viable alternative for replacing a missing molar tooth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.533-538
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• 1998

[ $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ ] osteomyelitis is a chronic form of osteomyelitis in which periosteum is thickened with peripheral reactive bone formation. Carl $Garr{\grave{e}}$ first reported localized periosteal thickening as a response to mild stimuli. In dental literatures, Pell et al. first reported $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis in jaws. This disease frequent occurs in youngsters and usually in mandible. It usually results in hard swelling over the jaws with little or no pain. Palpation reveals a localized bony swelling lesion. In radiographic findings, it usually reveals laminated periosteal thickening on lesion. The treatment of $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis usually consists of elimination of the sources of infection, i.e., either extraction of an infected teeth or root canal therapy. Two children were admitted with the chief complaint of intraoral swelling on lower deciduous molar areas which was diagnosed as $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis. The root canal therapy and antibiotic therapy were performed and prognosis was checked. From these case studies, some results were obtained as follows : With the aid of root canal therapy and antibiotic administration, the size of periapical lesions was reduced, the mandible with bony swelling recovered its normal shapes radiographically, and the permanent tooth germs resumed sound development.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.371-381
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• 2005

The masticatory function of tooth is maintained by the periodontal health, and periodontal health is also maintained by the masticatory function. Bite forces are withstanded by the PDL, and this thought to be through the viscoelastic theory. Mobility test and Bite force test are used to evaluate the viscoelastic theory of the PDL. In this study, the bite force test was used. In the same conditions of quantity of the supporting tissue, the maximum bite force according to the quality of the supporting tissue was evaluated. The study was conducted on 40 patients with moderate adult periodontitis, who were indications to the modified widman flap treatment. The maximum bite force in the premolar and molar regions were tested before treatment, 3weeks and 4 weeks after treatment. and the results were as follows. 1. In the premolar region, 3 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment showed higher maximum bite force than before treatment. And in the molar region the maximum bite force decreased 3 weeks after treatment, but increased after 4 weeks, compared to before treatment. 2. In the 1st premolar, there were only significant difference between before and 3 weeks after treatment, and between and 4 weeks after treatment. 3. In the 2nd premolar, there were only significant difference between before and 3 weeks after treatment, and between and 4 weeks after treatment. 4. In the 1st molar, there were no significant difference between before, 3 weeks after treatment, 4 weeks after treatment. 5. In the 2nd molar, there were no significant difference between before, 3 weeks after treatment, 4 weeks after treatment. From the results above, it shows that there were improvements in the maximum bite force through specific periodontal treatments, and thus it can be considered in clinical situations, that selection of the prosthodontic material, decisions of extraction, evaluation of the prognosis after periodontal treatment is a helpful method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.597-602
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• 1997

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a Qualitative platelet disorder characterized by a deficiency in the platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb/IIIa. It belongs to a group of hereditary platelet disorders typified by normal platelet numbers and a prolonged bleeding time. The severity of bleeding does not correlate with the severity of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa a abnormality. The present case report describes the periodontal treatment of a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. A 30-year-old female with a history of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia was referred for gingival bleeding on tooth brushing and discomforts in #38 area. The periodontal finding revealed a diagnosis of localized slight adult periodontitis. Root planing and extraction of #38 was performed under 12 pack of platelets transfusion and digital compression was done for hemostasis. The gingival bleeding ceased within a day in maxilla and 2 days later in mandible. 42 pack of platelets was administered for 3 days of post-treatment and for iron-deficiency anemia 3 pack of RBCs was transfused 2 days later. 1 week later the inflammation in gingiva disappeared and gingival stippling appeared. The clinical result we got was good and in such a medically compromised patient it is an ability to maintain a proper oral hygiene that is essential both for oral and systemic health.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.849-857
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• 2007

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to compare and quantify the expressions of RANK and RANKL in the gingival tissues of non-periodontitis patient and patients with chronic periodontitis, in order to understand the contribution of these proteins to periodontal destruction. Material and methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. According to the patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival sample was divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from non-periodontitis patients. Group 2 (n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of RANK and RANKL were performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by Student's t-Test. Results: The expression of RANK were similar in group 1 and 2. The difference between group 1 and 2 was not statistically significant. And the mean amount of RANKL was more increased in group 2 than group 1. The difference between group 1 and group 2 was statistically significant. Conclusion: The expression level RANK didn't show any significant difference between healthy tissue from non-periodontitis patients and inflamed tissue from chronic periodontitis, but the expression level of RANKL in inflammed tissue from chronic periodontitis showed significantly increased tendency compared to healthy gingiva from non-periodontitis patients. Therefore, characteristics of RANK and RANKL in progress of chronic periodontitis would be basis of further studies in diagnostic method and treatment index of the disease.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the patients' perception and satisfaction with the results of endodontic microsurgery which was apicoectomy with retrofilling. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was given to 109 patients, who were recalled after a minimum of 3 months upon endodontic microsurgery in the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University. A contingency table and correlation analysis were used to determine if there were any correlations between age/gender and the patients' responses (p = 0.05). Results: Approximately 60% of respondents answered they had never heard of surgical endodontic procedures. 63.3% of respondents chose the surgical option because they wanted to keep their natural teeth. If the patient required the same procedure on another tooth later, 100 out of 109 respondents answered they would choose microsurgery instead of extraction. Most patients (82.57%) appeared to be satisfied with the surgical procedure. Conclusions: Endodontic microsurgery consisting of apicoectomy and retrofilling seems to appeal to majority of patients as a satisfactory and valuable treatment choice.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the accuracy of 2 third-generation electronic apex locators (EALs), Propex II (Dentsply Maillefer) and Root ZX II (J. Morita), and radiographic technique for locating the major foramen (MF). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two premolars with single canals that required extraction were included. Following anesthesia, access, and initial canal preparation with size 10 and 15 K-flex files and SX and S1 rotary ProTaper files, the canals were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The length of the root canal was verified 3 times for each tooth using the 2 apex locators and once using the radiographic technique. Teeth were extracted and the actual WL was determined using size 15 K-files under a ${\times}25$ magnification. The Biostat 4.0 program (AnalystSoft Inc.) was used for comparing the direct measurements with those obtained using radiographic technique and the apex locators. Pearson's correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analyses. Results: The measurements obtained using the visual method exhibited the strongest correlation with Root ZX II (r = 0.94), followed by Propex II (r = 0.90) and Ingle's technique (r = 0.81; p < 0.001). Descriptive statistics using ANOVA (Tukey's post hoc test) revealed significant differences between the radiographic measurements and both EALs measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both EALs presented similar accuracy that was higher than that of the radiographic measurements obtained with Ingle's technique. Our results suggest that the use of these EALs for MF location is more accurate than the use of radiographic measurements.