• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.270-276
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• 1997

The records of 18 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of mouth treated surgically were reviewed. Surgical approaches, staging, treatment modalities, recurrence and vital status were evaluated. The distrubutions of involved sites were tongue(9 cases) and mouth floor(9 cases). Patients were treated by surgery primarily, combined chemotherapy and radiation, and by surgical salvage in the failure cases of radiation and chemotherapy. All ipsilateral necks of mouth floor cancer and advanced tongue cancer were treated with neck dissection. Cases of early tongue cancer could be excised with transoral route, and advanced cases needed transmandibular approach. Whereas, majorites of mouth floor cancer needed transmandibular approach, and other cases could be excised transoral and pull-through approaches. In the recontructions, we used primary closure, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, forearm free flap, fibular osteocutaneous flap and skin graft. One year survival rate was 93% and 2 year survival rate was 60%.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2005

In this paper, we investigate the visual and quantitative analysis at the same time with an electronic tongue(e-tongue) system using an array of ISE(ion-selective electrode). We apply the FCM(fuzzy c-means) algorithm combined with PCA(principal component analysis), which can be reduced multi-dimensional data to third-dimensional data, to classify data patterns detected by E-Tongue system. The proposed technique can be designed to solve the cluster centers and membership grade of patterns combined with the output results obtained by PCA method. According to the proposed technique, the membership grade of unknown pattern, which does not shown previously can be determined and analyzed visually. Conclusionally, the relationship between the standard patterns and unknown pattern can be easily analyzed. Throughout the experimental trials, the proposed technique has been confirmed using developed E-Tongue system.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2007

구강장치를 이용한 코골이와 수면무호흡증의 치료는 하악이나 혀를 전방으로 이동시켜 기도공간을 확보하는데, 하악전방이동장치(mandibular advancement appliance, MAA)와 혀견인장치(tongue retaining device, TRD)가 주로 이용된다. 이 중 혀견인장치는 전치의 순측에 위치되는 혀 유지구(tongue bulb) 속에 생기는 음압을 이용하여 혀가 뒤로 밀리지 않도록 하는 구강장치로서 단독 혹은 하악전방이동장치와 복합된 형태로 사용하여 코골이와 수면무호흡증의 치료에 효과를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 혀견인장치의 제작을 용이하게 하고 표준화하기 위해 개개인에 적합한 혀 유지구의 크기를 조사하여 분류하고 혀 유지구의 크기와 유지력의 관계 및 신체적 변수와의 관계를 조사해 보고자 하였다. 환자를 대상으로 하기에 앞서, 정상인 젊은 남성을 대상으로 시행하였다. 실험을 위해 투명 아크릴 레진 판을 이용하여 폭(27-36 mm)과 두께(8, 10 mm)를 달리한 20 가지 크기의 혀유지구를 제작하고 준비하였다. 코골이와 수면무호흡증이 없는 36명의 젊은 남성 지원자들(평균연령: $24.47{\pm}2.58$세)을 대상으로 다양한 크기의 혀 유지구를 장착하여 유지력을 측정하여 최대유지력을 보이는 혀 유지구를 그 환자에게 적합한 크기의 유지구로 결정하고 측정한 값들을 기록하였다. 측정은 앉은 자세와 누운 자세에서 각각 시행하였다. 실험 결과, 앉은 자세와 누운 자세 모두에서 혀 유지구 크기에 따라 분류한 네 군의 유지력 사이에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다 (p<0.05). 즉, 피검자에게 가장 적합한 크기의 유지구로 조사한 결과 유지구의 크기가 증가할수록 유지력이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 신체적 변수와 혀 유지구 크기 사이의 관련성은 뚜렷하게 관찰되지 않았으며, 측정 자세에 따른 유지력 간에도 유의한 차이는 없었다. 본 연구의 결과는 혀 유지구의 유지력은 유지구의 크기, 즉 혀의 부피와 관련이 있음을 보여준다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8351-8359
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• 2014

Background: Recent epidemiological data have implicated human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancers, especially oropharyngeal cancers. Although, HPV has been detected in varied amounts in persons with oral dysplasia, leukoplakias and malignancies, its involvement in oral tongue carcinogenesis remains ambiguous. Materials and Methods: HPV DNA prevalence was assessed by PCR with formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections (n=167) of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients and the physical status of the HPV16 DNA was assessed by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for p16 evaluation. Results: We found the HPV prevalence in tongue cancers to be 51.2%, HPV 16 being present in 85.2% of the positive cases. A notable finding was a very poor concordance between HPV 16 DNA and p16 IHC findings (kappa<0.2). Further molecular classification of patients based on HPV16 DNA prevalence and p16 overexpression showed that patients with tumours showing p16 overexpression had increased hazard of death (HR=2.395; p=0.005) and disease recurrence (HR=2.581; p=0.002) irrespective of their HPV 16 DNA status. Conclusions: Our study has brought out several key facets which can potentially redefine our understanding of tongue cancer tumorigenesis. It has emphatically shown p16 overexpression to be a single important prognostic variable in defining a high risk group and depicting a poorer prognosis, thus highlighting the need for its routine assessment in tongue cancers. Another significant finding was a very poor concordance between p16 expression and HPV infection suggesting that p16 expression should possibly not be used as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in tongue cancers. Interestingly, the prognostic significance of p16 overexpression is different from that reported in oropharyngeal cancers. The mechanism of HPV independent p16 over expression in oral tongue cancers is possibly a distinct entity and needs to be further studied.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2017

Black hairy tongue is a benign medical condition, which is characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae, with a typical carpet-like appearance on the dorsum of the tongue. We describe the case of a 70-year-old Korean female with black hairy tongue, who complained of black hairy tongue accompanied by xerostomia. The patient was treated with Jibaekjihwang-tang-gagambang and electric acupuncture for 13 days. Black hairy tongue was evaluated by its visual appearance and by calculating hue-saturation-brightness (HSB) and red-green-blue (RGB) values of images of the tongue using a photo-edit program. Salivary flow rate (SFR) was evaluated to evaluate oral dryness. After 13 days of treatment, the black fur disappeared, and the brightness and RGB values of the black fur increased. In addition, the SFR increased. We conclude that Korean medicine could be the treatment choice for black hairy tongue.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of three modalities commonly used for reduction of oral malodor and to review the contributing factors for halitosis. For this study, 45 subjects of good general health in their third decades were selected, and they were divided into three groups by each modality, that is, tongue scraping, $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse, and periodontal treatment. Subjective sense of halitosis, diets, Oral hygiene index based on tooth brushing and tongue brushing habit, resting salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating were recored in the Halito-Chart designed by the author. Oral malodor converted from volatile sulfur compound was measured by the Halimeter$^{(R)}$(Interscan Co., USA), and the correlation between the oral factors and pre-treatment halimeter score were analysed. Data obtained were analysed by the SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. There were no significant correlation between oral factors such as oral hygiene index, salivary flow rate, gingival index, degree of tongue coating and pre-treatment halimeter score. 2. Difference between pre- and post-treatment halimeter score by the three modalities were significant, but correlation between pre- and post-treatment score within group was most significant in the periodontal treatment group followed by the tongue scraping group and lowest in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group. 3. Reduction of halimeter score was significant only in subjects with relatively more tongue coating in the tongue scraping group, but in the $ZnCl_2$ mouth rinse group and in the periodontal treatment group, the modality applied to each group had same significant effects without regard to the degree of oral hygiene index or gingival index. 4. Men had more tongue coating than women, and reduction of halimeter score was significant in men, but not in women.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.522-532
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• 2011

한의학에서 혀의 상태는 인체의 건강 상태를 진단하는 중요한 지표로 활용된다. 이러한 혀의 상태를 진단하는 설진은 편리할 뿐 아니라 비침습적이므로, 한의학에서 널리 활용되고 있다. 그러나 설진은 객관화와 표준화라는 관점에서 문제가 있으며, 한의사의 의사결정에 도움을 줄 수 있는 도구도 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해, 설진 유효 분석을 위한 혀의 기하정보를 자동으로 계산하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 개선된 스네이크(Snake) 방법을 통해 혀를 검출하고 컨벡스 헐(Convex Hull)과 인페인팅 방법을 이용하여 객관적인 기하 정보를 추출하였다. 제안 알고리즘의 성능평가로 치흔의 경우 7.2%, 균열의 경우 8.5%의 영역 차이 비율로 안정적인 결과가 도출되었다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2014

한방에서 설진은 초기 병증을 진단할 수 있는 방법으로 객관적인 진단 지표의 개발은 중요한 연구 분야 가운데 하나이다. 그러나 이전의 대부분의 설진 시스템은 한의사의 간섭을 배제한 자동 진단을 위한 전문가 시스템으로서 진료를 위한 객관화된 진단 지표의 생성에 있어서 어려움이 있었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 한방 설진에 있어서 한의사의 진료 행위에 의해서 최적화된 설진을 위한 진단 지표를 계산하는 컴퓨터 지원 진단 소프트웨어를 제안한다. 개발한 소프트웨어는 반자동 방식으로 설질 추출을 위해서는 한의사의 매뉴얼 방식을 이용하고, 설태 영역을 자동 분할하여 비설태와 설태의 색상, WTCI 등에 대한 수치적 진단 지표를 한의사에게 실시간으로 제공한다. 또한, 설태 비율을 이용하여 소태, 박태, 후태의 분류 확률 추정 값과 진료 편의를 위한 전자의무기록 차트 기능도 제공한다. 구현된 컴퓨터 지원 진단 소프트웨어의 유효성 평가를 위해서는 60명의 피실험자를 대상으로 혀 영상을 구축하고, 설진 소프트웨어를 실험한 결과 피실험자의 95%가 소프트웨어 사용-유효성을 나타냈다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the strength of the tongue/lip strength and speech production for dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy. The maximal tongue and lip strengths of 22 normal adults, 27 dysarthric adults (10 adults with mild dysarthria, 10 adults with moderate dysarthria, and 7 adults with severe dysarthria) were measured with Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). The percentage of correct consonants (PCC) and speech intelligibility were calculated from the words and sentences spoken by the subjects. The results of the study are as follows: First, both the maximal tongue and the maximal lip strength differed significantly between the control group and the group with dysarthria. While the group with mild dysarthria did not show meaningful difference in maximal tongue and lip strengths from the control group, the group with moderate and severe dysarthria showed significantly weaker tongue and lip strength than the control group and the group with mild dysarthria. Second, the current study suggests the existence of a significant correlation between the maximal tongue and lip strength and the PCC and speech intelligibility within all subjects with dysarthria. These findings can serve as an effective foundation to diagnose dysarthria quickly and accurately. The results of this study also indicate that in addition to the maximal tongue strength, the maximal lip strength can prove to be an important index in predicting the speech intelligibility of dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2000

Tongue-tip trill is a sound made by the tongue tip making contract with the alveolar ridge and oscillating rapidly as sound is produced. It is an exercise used by many singers to warm up the voice and used as one of the methods of voice rehabilitation for patients who have the vocal folds scarred postoperatively and also who present with a variety of disorders, particularly hypofunction and presbyphonia. We intended to investigate the mucosal vibration of the true vocal folds on tongue-tip trill by electroglottography and to find e effective methods of tongue-tip trill. One adult male volunteer participated. Spectrography and electroglottography were checked repeatedly 15 times, more than 5 second in each times, at same pitch, in three conditions of phonation : sustained /a/ vowel, anterior trill in which tongue-tip vibrated at anterior portion of alveolar ridge just behind the anterior tooth, and posterior trill in which at palatal crest behind the transverse palatine fold We measured the first and second formant to determine indirectly the position of tongue and calculated speed quotient and the ratio of closing phase to closed phase. Speed quotients of posterior trill were higher than sustained /a/ vowel and anterior trill in 14 times. The ratio of closing phase to dosed phase of posterior trill were lower than the others in 14 times. Mucosa of true vocal folds is vibrated more effectively on posterior trill rather than sustained /a/ vowel and anterior trill. So, when tongue-tip trill is used as a method of voice rehabilitation, we suggest that posterior trill is better in producing effective mucosal vibration