• 한국어교육
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.25-51
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the differences in pitch perception between tonal and non-tonal language listeners. A total of 60 Korean and Chinese listeners participated in the perception test. A two-syllable nonsense word /paba/ was manipulated in five steps. The pitch height or contour on the second syllable was raised or lowered. Both groups were asked to select which of the two syllables had the higher pitch. The findings showed that the majority of Korean listeners (GK) perceived decreased pitch as each peak of the syllable was lowered and perceived increased pitch as it was raised, which means the pitch height is a primary perceptual cue for GK. However, Chinese listeners (GC) perceived sensitive pitch movements as the pitch contour changed. GC's perception may presumably be affected by the L1's tone sandhi. We found it reasonable to assume that language experience has a significant effect on the cross-linguistic perceptual differences between tone and non-tonal language listeners.

• 수완나부미
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.193-228
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• 2022

This study investigates the production and perception of Vietnamese tones by Japanese, Lao, and Taiwanese second language (L2) learners [n=30], comparing their performance in an Imitation task to that of Identification and Read-Aloud tasks. The results show that the Imitation task is generally easier for L2 speakers than the Identification and Read-Aloud tasks, suggesting that imitation is performed without some of the skills required by the other two tasks. It is also found that Lao and Taiwanese speakers outperform Japanese speakers, suggesting that prior experience with one tone language facilitates the acquisition of tone in another language. The result on speakers' tonal range show that L2 leaners have significantly narrower tonal F0 range than control Vietnamese speakers [n=11]. The results of error pattern analysis and tonal transcription also suggest that non-modal voice (glottal stop and creakiness) and contour tones (bidirectional fall-rise) are more difficult for L2 learners than modal voice tones (e.g., unidirectional contours: rising, falling, and level).

• 중국문학
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• 제98권
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• pp.267-300
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• 2019

본 연구는 제1언어와 제2언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어에 나타나는 발화 음역과 음높이의 음향 특징을 정량적으로 분석하여, (1) 제1언어 발화에 나타나는 성조언어와 비성조언어의 음역과 음높이 특징 및 차이, (2) 비성조언어가 제1언어인 화자가 성조언어를 제2언어로 발화할 때 및 성조언어가 제1언어인 화자가 비성조언어를 제2언어로 발화할 때 나타나는 음역과 음높이 특징을 고찰한다. 22명의 표준중국어-한국어 이중언어화자가 발화한 '북풍과 햇님'을 분석한 결과에 따르면, 제1언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어를 비교할 때 전자가 후자에 비하여 발화 음역이 넓거나 높은 음높이가 실현되는 양상이 보이지 않았다. 이는 성조언어가 비성조언어에 비하여 반드시 음역이 전반적으로 상승하거나 확대되는 것은 아님을 시사하며, 성조언어와 비성조언어의 억양 차이를 발화체 전반에 걸쳐 실현되는 음역과 음높이의 차이로 일반화하는 기존 가설에 문제점을 제기한다. 또한 제2언어로 산출된 표준중국어와 한국어를 비교한 결과, 유의미한 음역의 축소는 표준중국어 여성 모어화자가 발화한 한국어에서만 발견되었다. 이에 반해 표준중국어 남성 모어화자와 한국어 남성, 여성 모어화자가 발화한 제2언어에서는 제1언어와의 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 더 나아가 제2언어에서 음역이 조절되는 방식은 화자의 성별이 중요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 제2언어의 숙달도 및 제2언어화자의 메타언어적 지식이 발화의 음역 산출에 영향을 준다는 점을 시사한다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2020

비성조 모국어 화자가 성조 언어를 학습할 때 모국어에 없는 성조 체계 학습에 어려움을 보인다. 본 연구는 비성조 언어인 한국어 모국어 성인 화자가 중국어를 학습할 때 중국어 성조의 지각과 산출에서 어떤 어려움을 보이는지 규명하고자 하였다. 추가적으로 중국어 분절음이 한국어와 유사하지 않을 경우 초분절음인 성조 지각 및 산출에 어려움을 가중시키는지 알아보기 위해 중국어 자음의 한국어 자음과의 유사성을 조작하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과, 지각과 산출 간 정확도 및 반응시간이 각 성조 별로 차이를 보였다. 즉, 1성과 2성에서는 지각 과제에서 산출 과제에 비해 어려움을 보인 반면 3성에서는 산출 과제에서 지각 과제보다 어려움을 보였다. 오류 패턴 분석 결과, 지각 과제에서 2성과 3성을 서로 혼동을 하는 반면 산출 과제에서는 2성을 3성으로 산출하는 오류는 줄어들고 3성을 2성으로 산출하는 오류가 증가한 것을 보였다. 마지막으로, 한국어 유사성의 조작은 성조의 지각 및 산출에 영향을 주지 않았다.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2008

Language transfer means that the speaker's first language or previously acquired language influences on the production of the target language. This study aims at examining if there is native language influence on the production of English intonation by Korean speakers. The pitch accent patterns and the values of duration, F0, and intensity of the stressed vowel of the word with emphatic accent in the sentence produced by Korean speakers are compared to those of American English speakers. The results show that when the word receives emphatic accent in the sentence, American English speakers put H* accent on the stressed syllable of the word, but Korean speakers mostly assign high pitch on the last syllable of the word and have LH tonal pattern despite the fact that primary stress does not come on the last syllable within a word. In addition, comparison of the values of duration, F0, and intensity of the stressed vowel of the word with emphatic accent to those of the word with unmarked neutral accent shows that Korean speakers do not realize the intonation of the accented word appropriately because the values decrease even though the word has emphatic accent. This study finds out that there are differences in the production of English intonation of the word with emphatic accent between native speakers of English and Korean speakers, and that there is negative transfer of Korean intonation pattern to the production of English intonation by Korean speakers.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제11_14호
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• pp.73-89
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• 1987

This paper is an attempt to propose a new model of intonation called 'Configurational Contour Model'. For our purpose two previous models are discussed : one is the system of tonetic-stress marks and the other is the theory of pitch levels. To overcome shortcomings which these approaches display, the new model is based on two fundamental characteristics of intonation: (1) that intonation is a suprasyllabic phenomenon; and (2) that intonation is basically a matter of configurations, i.e., of rising, falling and level. Accordingly, the new model can be relatable to relevant aspects of the phonetic representation of utterances and also can express all the tonal oppositions in a given language.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.7-23
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• 2008

This paper investigates tonal patterns of the prosodic constituents of an AP and a PWD in Korean and their relation with the morphological/syntactic structure. Specifically, this paper asks the following questions: First, if there are more than one PWD in an AP, how is each PWD specified in terms of tones? Secondly, in case that there is only one PWD in an AP that consists of several morphemes, is there any preference of the association between tones and the morphemes that constitute that PWD? Thirdly, if an AP dominates a PWD and if a PWD contains at least one morpheme of the lexical category, it follows that an AP should contain at least one morpheme of the lexical category. Can this be verified with the experimental data? In order to answer these questions, Experiment I and II were conducted with the target material consisting of a stem and suffixes that varied in length. The results of this preliminary test show that as the number of syllables in the target material increases, the more number of an AP tonal pattern occurs in it and as a result, in some cases, an AP consisting of suffixes only may occur.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.67-83
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• 2016

본 연구는 감정단어의 억양 패턴을 음향학적으로 분석하여 멜로디의 음높이 패턴으로 전환한 뒤 그 특성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 만 19-23세 여성 30명을 대상으로 기쁨, 화남, 슬픔을 표현하는 4음절 감정단어의 음성자료를 수집하였다. 총 180개의 어휘를 수집하고 Praat 프로그램을 이용하여 음절 당 평균 주파수(f0)를 측정한 후 평균 음정과 음높이 패턴의 멜로디 요소로 전환하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 감정단어의 음높이 패턴은 '즐거워서' A3-A3-G3-G3, '즐거워요' G4-G4-F4-F4, '행복해서' C4-D4-B3-A3, '행복해요' D4-D4-A3-G3, '억울해서' G3-A3-G3-G3, '억울해요' G3-G3-G3-A3, F3-G3-E3-D3, '불안해서' A3-A3-G3-A3, '불안해요' A3-G3-F3-F3, '침울해서' C4-C4-A3-G3, '침울해요' A3-A3-F3-F3으로 나타났다. 둘째, 음 진행에서는 기쁨이 넓은 간격의 도약 진행, 화남이 좁은 간격의 도약 진행, 슬픔이 넓은 간격의 순차 진행 특성을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 감정의 속성과 본질, 한국어의 음성 특성을 고려하여 감정단어의 억양 패턴을 분석하고, 이를 멜로디 요소에 반영한 특성을 제시하였다. 또한, 체계적이고 객관화된 방법으로 말과 멜로디의 전환 가능성 및 적합성을 확인한 것에 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 감정을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있는 멜로디 창작 방안을 마련하기 위한 근거 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.131-145
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• 2004

The informative or important entities in utterances are focused and the focused items are usually accompanied by changes in phonetic manifestation. Phonetic realizations triggered by focus include changes of tonal contours as well as segmental strengthening. Focus in Korean is characterized by new phrase initiation, dephrasing, and initial tone contour with an enlarged pitch range in addition to segmentally lengthened initial segment. Focusing on the prosodic cues which play an important role in delivering the speakers' intention, this study aims to find out what intonational characteristics of Korean focus are realized by English learners of Korean. The English learners are divided into two groups according to their fluency in Korean, and the differences in focus realization between each group are discussed. Furthermore, the phonological and phonetic realizations of focus by English learners of Korean are compared to those by Korean native speakers. The results of this study yields two suggestions for Korean intonation education of L2 learners. First, the comparison between the two speaker groups can give better understanding in how and why the Korean intonation of English speakers is different from that of Koreans. Second, each phonological and phonetic characteristic of focus realization can weigh differently and its realization provides a criterion for evaluation of L2 Korean proficiency.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Japanese(L1) on the production of Korean accentual phrases(L2). Korean and Japanese have a similar prosodic structure. But different from Korean, Japanese is a pitch accent language. So each word has its own pitch accent. And pitch accents are maintained in the sentence intonation. This difference will have a negative influence on the production of Korean sentence intonation. For this study 4 Korean natives speakers and 10 advanced Japanese learners of Korean participated in the production test. The material analysed constituted 11 Korean sentences, six of which contain formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. The results show that the initial pitch pattern of Korean accentual phrases was affected by Japanese pitch accent types and this interference was greater for formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. But besides initial tones of accentual phrase, some positive interference was observed in the internal tonal pattern of accentual phrase. In the phonetic realization, the internal pitch range and initial pitch rising of accentual phrases was greater for Japanese learners of Korean than native speakers of Korean.