• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2010

A comparative study was performed in gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and inoculation of Methylobacterium spp. possessing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and IAA activity on red pepperand tomato seedling growth and development. Application of 1.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA positively influenced root growth while high concentrations (>10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) suppressed root growth of red pepper and tomato under gnotobiotic condition. On the other hand, inoculation of Methylobacterium strains with ACCD activity and IAA or without IAA enhanced root growth in both plants. Similarly, under greenhouse condition the inoculation of Methylobacterium sp. with ACCD activity and IAA enhanced plant fitness recorded as average nodal length and specific leaf weight (SLW) but the effect is comparable with the application of low concentrations of IAA. Seedling length was significantly increased by Methylobacterium strains while total biomass was enhanced by Methylobacterium spp. and exogenous applications of < 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA. High concentrations of IAA retard biomass accumulation in red pepper and tomato. These results confirm that bacterial strains with plant growth promoting characters such as IAA and ACCD have characteristic effects on different aspects of growth of red pepper and tomato seedlings which is comparable or better than exogenous applications of synthetic IAA.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.78-82
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• 2011

Ventilation rates, inside and outside weather data were measured in a arch-shape single-span plastic greenhouse growing tomatoes. On the roof of the experimental greenhouse, round windows which have a diameter of 0.6 m were installed at intervals of 8m. It showed that the number of air changes in this greenhouse were average 0.17 volumes per minute and in the range of 0.02 to 0.32 volumes per minute. These air changes are insufficient to meet the recommended ventilation rate for commercial greenhouses, and it is estimated that interval of 6 m is appropriate for spring or fall season. For summer season, it is necessary to narrow the space or to enlarge the open area of roof windows. Using the heat balance model, the evapotranspiration coefficients of greenhouse tomatoes were estimated from experimental ventilation data, overall heat transfer and solar radiation. It showed that the evapotranspiration coefficients were average 0.62 and in the 0.39 to 0.85 range. We suggest applying 0.6 as the evapotranspiration coefficient in design of ventilation for the single-span tomato greenhouses.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2017

This study was conducted to provide basic data needed to calculate the crop loads for the greenhouse design. Four countries' crop loads for greenhouse structures were compared and the crop loads were measured directly and analyzed for various greenhouse crops, including tomato, strawberry, cucumber, and eggplant. According to the analysis results of four country's standards for the design crop loads, it was judged that the new design crop loads suit for greenhouse crops in our country should be suggested because our standards just used the design crop loads of other countries. The maximum crop loads per plant of tomato, cucumber, eggplant, and strawberry were 3.9, 0.75, 1.9 and $2.1kgf{\cdot}plant^{-1}$, respectively. The crop load per unit area of tomato was $8.5kgf{\cdot}m^{-2}$, which was much greater than the cucumber and eggplant's crop load of 2.1 and $2.4kgf{\cdot}m^{-2}$ respectively. The crop loads of tomato and cucumber, suggested by the greenhouse structure design standard of Korea, is $15kgf{\cdot}m^{-2}$, which is far greater than the values suggested by this research. It was judged that this was because our standard just used the Dutch standard, our crop load standard should be reviewed considering this difference. The crop load of strawberry, including the growing bed, was $21.0kgf{\cdot}m^{-2}$, which was much greater than the crop load in the Dutch standard.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.189-205
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• 2013

Climate change is rapidly getting worse. In Korea, the average temperature has increased by $1.5^{\circ}C$ over the last 100 years. In terms of global warming, it causes regional climate change, extreme weather phenomena and change of cultivated area. moreover, Global Warming brings both direct and indirect damage to agricultural cultivation. Global warming was accelerated by the greenhouse gas emissions which is by industry. In addition, Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing. In agriculture Thus we need to figure out how to analyze and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and its cause. This study assumes that it is the introduction of the bio-energy using compost to facility house and it analyzes that there is the difference between in the future in utilizing compost due to the introduction of bio-energy facility houses; Environmental effect and Environmental effect which are generally used. This research is a previous step for resource-circulating, farming, utilizing a variety of by-products of the agricultural sector as an environmental assessment studies for the future completion of resource-circulating agriculture.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.396-398
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• 2012

Pink mold rot of tomato occurred very severly on tomato farm in Paju, Gyounggi Province, Korea, in July 2005. The infected fruits were dropped and abandoned and the symptoms were similar to calcium deficient tomatoes. But symptom was a slight water-soaked area on or near the blossom end of the fruit and firm greyish-brown lesions were most found at the blossom-end of affected fruits. lesions caused by the pink mold fungus possess a water soaked margin and rise to characteristic orange-pink spores. Also when the diseased tomato was cut, the inside of tomatoes showed completely rotted with pink mold. The causal fungus was identified as Trichothecium roseum based on mycological characteristics. This is the first report of T. roseum infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

Three strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have been found to cause a lethal disease, referred to as fern leaf syndromes and mild mosaic symptoms in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops grown in Kuwait. CMV strains were detected and identified based on host range, symptomatology, serology, electron microscopy, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. A high degree of viral genomic heterogeneity was detected among CMV strains isolated in Kuwait, with no apparent correlation to symptomatology in tomato host plants. Two different virus satellites of 'CMV associated RNA 5', designated CARNA 5, were detected in two virus strains that caused both lethal disease and mild symptoms, designated CMV-D1 and CMV-S1 respectively. CARNA5 was not detected in the third CMV strain that caused fern leaf syndromes designated CMV-F. All the three isolated strains were serologically indistinguishable from each other and may belong to one serotype according to Ouchterlony gel diffusion tests. These strains transmitted via aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz) in a non-persistent manner. Physical properties of the virus strains were very similar where thermal inactivation test showed that virus withstood heating for 10 min at $70^{/circ}$, dilution end point was $10^{-4}$, and the longevity in vitro at room temperature was less than 5 days for all virus strains. CMV-D1 and CMV-F were the most devastating diseases spreading in both greenhouse and field-grown tomato where aborted flower buds failed on fruit setting due to the viral infection. This is the first report to isolate three different strains of CMV in Kuwait.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil grown tomato plants in Damyang districts. We collected twenty one soil samples from the rhizosphere of tomato plants which were grown under structure. Number of spores/g in the soil sized over $500{\mu}m,\;355{\sim}500{\mu}m,\;251{\sim}354{\mu}m,\;107{\sim}250{\mu}m\;and\;45{\sim}106{\mu}m$ were 0.01, 0.02, 0.09, 0.9, and 2.0. Total number of spores/g in the fresh soil were 3.02. Mycorrhizal root infection by vesicles, hyphae and arbuscules were 18.0%, 6.0% and 2.0%. To identify the genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, isolated mycorrhizal spores from the soil grown tomato plants were inoculated into the host plant of sudangrass and mass propagated for 4 months. As a result of identification, mycorrhizal spores were identified as Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp. and Acaulospora sp.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2002

Tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici Massee (Acari. Eriophyidae) was recorded in Korea and their SEM observations, distribution, host range, development on different temperature, and chemical control method were studied. Tomato russet mite is a microscopic animal (134.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$) with 2 pairs of legs which had 4 rays of feathered craw. Infected leaf turn reddish brown, stem loss hair, become shiny or surface cross-cracked, and shoot wilted or shrunk. Surface of fruit around fruit stalk appeared rusted or cross-cracked. It was found in glass greenhouse at Buyeo and Yuseong in Chungnam Province, Pyeongchang in Gangwon Province, and Chilgok and Guryongpo in Gyeongbuk Province. Convolvulus, black nightshade, chinese lanternplant, eggp1ant, morning glory, petunia, potato, pepper, tobacco and tomato were confirmed as a host plant in inoculation test. It could develop at temperature around $15-30^{\circ}C$, it took 6-11 days from eggs to adult, higher temperature shorten its life cycle. Female lived longer than male and it lived as long as 12 days at 25-28"C. Among acaricides tested, fenazaquin and cypermethrin were most effective.tive.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2008

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum has become a severe problem on tomato in Korea and no effective control measures are available yet. Pseudomonas species play key roles for the biocontrol of many plant diseases especially in soil. A rhizobacterial population of 150 Pseudomonas strains, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of various plants grown at different sites, was screened for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producing gene (PhlD) by PCR. Two strains (P83 and P84) among them were found to be phlD positive. When the isolates were analysed by 16S rDNA (Sensu Stricto), all isolates yielded amplified products of 1,018bp. Of the 150 isolates of Pseudomonas spp., a bacterial strain P. putida P84 isolated from tomato rhizosphere showed to suppress a wide range of phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro. The best source of carbon for P84 strain were glucose, arabinose, inositol and melibiose. In greenhouse experiments, P84 strain suppressed the development of bacterial wilt in tomato with a control value of 60%.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.502-511
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• 2022

Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) exert beneficial effects on plant protection both directly and indirectly. Although BVCs have been detected in vitro, their detection in situ remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of BVCs detection under in situ condition and estimate the potentials of in situ BVC to plants at below detection limit. We developed a method for detecting BVCs released by the soil bacteria Bacillus velezensis strain GB03 and Streptomyces griseus strain S4-7 in situ using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Additionally, we evaluated the BVC detection limit in the rhizosphere and induction of systemic immune response in tomato plants grown in the greenhouse. Two signature BVCs, 2-nonanone and caryolan-1-ol, of GB03 and S4-7 respectively were successfully detected using the soil-vial system. However, these BVCs could not be detected in the rhizosphere pretreated with strains GB03 and S4-7. The detection limit of 2-nonanone in the tomato rhizosphere was 1 µM. Unexpectedly, drench application of 2-nonanone at 10 nM concentration, which is below its detection limit, protected tomato seedlings against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Our finding highlights that BVCs, including 2-nonanone, released by a soil bacterium are functional even when present at a concentration below the detection limit of SPME-GC-MS.