• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 2002

Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 was examined to assay the recovering capacity against heat and other stressors. Along with a particular fermentation ability that is able to produce ethanol even at high temperature such as $40^{\circ}C$ with a comparable rate to the fermentation at $33^{\circ}C$, this strain also exhibited higher viability than a reference strain owing to its own thermotolerance that conferred the survival after the severe heat shock at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. Furthermore, this strain showed outstanding tolerances against $H_2O_2$, ethanol and some chemical compounds. But, especially due to the thermotolerance, this strain has been suspected of other species of yeast. However, ITS (internally transcribed spacer) 1 and 2 sequencing data confirmed this strain was a typical strain of S. cerevisiae. The outstanding tolerances to various environmental stressors Indicate this S. cerevisiae KNU5377 is enough to use both as an on-site potential strain for world-wide alcohol fermentation industry and as a model strain for researches into the routes to acquire the tolerance to various stressors.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2005

For blood cockle Tegillarca granosa acclimated to winter and summer seasons, survival, temperature tolerance and physiological changes at different individual size were investigated for their temperature tolerances by increasing and decreasing temperature at a rate of 1, 2 and $3^{\circ}C/day$. The survival rate of adults and juveniles T. granosa acclimated to winter temperatures began to decrease from $32^{\circ}C$ and all experimental animals died between $37-39^{\circ}C$. In the case of animals acclimated to summer temperatures, the survival rates of adults and juveniles began to decrease from $35^{\circ}C$, and all died at temperatures between $40-44^{\circ}C$. The upper $LT_{50}$ was $27.72^{\circ}C$ for adults and $28.36^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. On the other hand, when the temperature was decreased from $4^{\circ}C\;to\;0^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate lower temperature tolerances, the survival rate of T. granosa was more than $70\%\;at\;2^{\circ}C$ for 25 days. Lower L T 50 was $2.09^{\circ}C$ for adults and $2.34^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. There was no effective difference in temperature tolerance between adults and juveniles. Filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa showed a similar aspect with increase and decrease of temperature. Filtration and respiration rates exhibited irregular conditions of a broken biological rhythm as the group acclimated to winter $(10 ^{\circ}C)$ and summer $(25^{\circ}C)$. In the case of decreasing temperature, filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa reduced to a minimum below $6^{\circ}C$

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1509-1517
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• 2004

A study was conducted to determine the safety of feeding processed broiler litter (BL) to beef cattle. The litter was processed by deepstacking, ensiling and composting. The health issues addressed relevant to the safety of feeding litter included pathogenic bacteria, mycotoxins, heavy metals, medicinal drugs and pesticide residues. Exp. 1 evaluated the feed hygiene of processed rice hulls-bedded BL. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in BL was determined before and after deepstacking. A total of 21 BL samples were collected over a 3-year period of commercial and experimental production of BL for beef cattle. Exp. 2 evaluated the safety of meat of cattle fed deepstacked BL. In Exp. 1, there were no pathogenic bacteria, such as coliform, E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria and Proteus, in deepstacked BL. Levels of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and toxic heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd and Hg) were lower than the commercial feed tolerances. Aflatoxin, medicinal drug and pesticide residues were detected at extremely low levels. In Exp. 2, the meat of the BL-fed animals exhibited few differences in all analyzed items from that of the control group, showing safety from pathogenic microorganisms and heavy metals. When BL was withdrawn for 14 days prior to slaughtering the BLfed cattle, no medicinal drug residues were detected in the meat. Pesticides in the tissues of either group of animals were much lower than the tolerances. In conclusion, processed rice hulls-bedded BL and the meat of cattle fed BL were safe from the potential hazards of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, aflatoxin, medicinal drugs and pesticide residues.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to compare test standards regarding the performance and safety of agricultural tractors to identify the differences in test conditions, measurement tolerances, and test procedures. Based on the comparison, some recommendations were proposed for possible revisions or improvements to current tractor test standards. Methods: The test standards and codes of major standards development organizations (SDOs), such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), EC type approval, and the board of actions of the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratories (NTTL), were selected and analyzed. Comparison of the test standards: The ISO provides references for fuel and lubricants for tractor tests, and the OECD provides additional measurements for calculating fuel consumption characteristics during the power take-off (PTO) tests. The ISO, EC type approval, and the ASABE provide PTO protective device and the safety requirements. During drawbar power tests, seven transmission ratios are selected for fully automatic transmissions, according to the OECD. In case of hydraulic lift tests, ISO 789-2 and OECD Code 2 advise the use of a static lift force, while SAE J283 advises the use of additional dynamic lift capacity tests for a better representation of in-field operations. The OECD, the ISO, and EC type approval determine the seat index point (SIP), whereas the ASABE determines the seat reference point (SRP) for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) tests. Diversified measurement tolerances were among the braking performance test standards. The European Union (EU) has developed daily limits for vibration exposures with adaptations from ISO 2631-1. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluations are emerging of high-efficiency tractors due to the long-term conformance to electromagnetic emissions and interferences. Comparisons of tractor test standards discussed in this paper are expected to provide useful information for tractor manufacturers and standards development personnel to improve the performance and safety test standards of tractors.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1987

1. In the vegetable crops, only MEP and Malathion showed a litte higher positive rate than other pesticides in general. On the other hand, parathion and captan were not detectable at all. 2. In the fruits, pesticides, MEP, PAP and Parathion had a little high positive rate, and Diazinon, and captan were not detectable at all. 3. However, the detected values of the pesticides in the vegetables and fruits were far below from korean tolerances and internationally recommended limits and tolerances, showing only $\frac{1}{3}{\sim}\frac{1}{66}$ and $\frac{1}{8}{\sim}\frac{1}{500}$ of Korean tolerance in vegetables and fruits, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2010

Information on the distribution characteristics of construction errors is very important to determine the member factors, which are to be introduced in a new Korean design code for reinforced concrete structures. The new design code, which is under development for reinforced concrete structures, is based on the performance design concept. The construction errors of reinforced concrete members are mainly caused by the firmness and dimensional accuracy of forms, the arranging condition of reinforcing bars, the pouring and compaction methods of concrete, the skills of field workers, and the experience of supervisors. To find out the construction errors of reinforced concrete structures already built in Korea, a field survey for cover thickness, effective depth of reinforcement, the thickness of slabs and walls, and the dimension of beams and columns has been performed. Based on the survey, which is the first time in Korea, the analysis results are presented. The measuring methods for the construction errors, which have been established through the laboratory tests, are also presented. In addition, the measured construction errors from the survey are compared with the allowable tolerances in the current domestic and foreign specifications.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.681-687
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• 2007

This study was designed to examine the suitable characteristics of potential probiotic bacteria. Possible probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lb. plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962 were selected. We then measured their acid and bile tolerances, adhesion properties in the gastrointestinal tract, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation activity. The acid tolerances of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, Lb. plantarum, and Leu. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293, in PBS (pH 2.5) for 2 hr, were high enough that 50% of the inocula survived. The bile tolerances of all bacteria, except Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962, were also observed at a 3% oxgall concentration in MRS broth. The results of the adhesion property assay showed that the total binding affinities of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, and B. bifidum were about three times higher than those of the other bacteria. In testing their antimicrobial activities against pathogens, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, B. bifidum KCTC 3357, and Lb. plantarum inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. For their immunomodulation activity, the cell wall fractions from Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and Lb. acidophilus B-3208 showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferation activities. However, the cell wall fractions of Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and B. bifidum, and the cytosol fraction of Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962 showed higher macrophage stimulation activities than those of the other bacteria. Since Lb. acidophilus DDS-1 and Lb. acidophilus B-3208 satisfy the requirements for probiotics, they can be considered suitable probiotic bacteria.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.881-890
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• 2011

Analyses of performance and behavior of the individual PEM fuel cells (PEMFC) under different operating conditions are of importance optimally to design and efficiently to operate the stack. The paper focuses on experimental analyses of a two-cell stack under different operating conditions, which performance and behavior are measured by the voltage of a cell as well as the stack. Experimental parameters include stoichiometric ratio, temperature of the air supplied under different working stack temperatures and loads. Results showed that the cell voltages are dominantly influenced by the temperature of the air supplied among others. In addition, an inherent difference between the first and the second cell voltage exists because of the tolerances of the cell components and the resulting different over-potentials at different equilibrium states. Furthermore, it is shown that the proton conductivity in the membranes conditioned by the humidity in the cathode channel highly affects the voltage differences of the two cells.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.200-206
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• 2019

In this study, we compared the VacCAD and VacSim^(Multi), commercial vacuum simulators, to verify the advantages of VacCAD's efficiency. It was emphasized on immediacy and simplicity of simulation modelling, and characteristics of the pump combinations, pumping down curves, and vacuum materials. First, usability of simulation mechanism was estimated through the modeling schematics and obtained simulation results of each employed simulator were compared to evaluate the applicability in practice. Simulation reliability of each simulator was also probed by comparing the pumping characteristics of commercially available high vacuum systems. In addition, the degree of tolerances on VacCAD was also investigated through pumping down analysis considering outgassing effect due to chamber material variations. The higher effectiveness and expediency of VacCAD than VacSim^(Multi) has been presented, and it was expected that the utilization of VacCAD in vacuum applications to be increased.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.26-30
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• 2017

The promising characteristics of 2G high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductor (CC) tapes have made it possible to apply to various electrical device applications. In this study, the mechanical and electromechanical properties of Sn-Cu double layer stabilized GdBCO CC tapes have been characterized. The stress and strain tolerances of $I_c$ in GdBCO CC tapes adopting stainless steel substrate were evaluated using $I_c$-strain measurement at 77 K under both uniaxial tension and monotonic bending conditions. The results were compared to the conventional single Cu layer stabilized CC tape. As a result, the Sn-Cu double layer stabilized GdBCO CC tapes showed somehow lower or comparable electromechanical properties as compared to the Cu stabilized CC tape ones.