• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in social quotient and sensory processing function between completed-toileting and incomplete-toileting children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aims to provide a basis for the training of children with autism spectrum disorders. Methods : The subjects of this research were children with ASD, aged from 4 to 7, receiving sensory integration therapy at the H-Child Development Research Center in Busan, South Korea. After recruiting 30 parents who had children with ASD, we interviewed them and we divided their children into completed-toileting group and incomplete-toileting group based on the past researches. We assessed them using the Social Maturity Scale and Sensory Profile. Spearman correlation was used to analyze between the sensory processing score and social quotient. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the Sensory Profile scores of the two groups. Results : The social quotient was correlated with the sensory processing score in the most of component as for auditory processing, vestibular processing, touch processing, multisensory processing, orosensory processing, except for visual processing. The groups of completed-toileting and incomplete-toileting group showed statistically significant intergroup difference in sensory seeking, emotional reactive, oral-sensory sensitivity, and inattention/distractibility in the sensory factor region. No statistically significant difference from intergroup was observed in any modulation areas, nor in behavioral & emotional response domains. Conclusion : A significant intergroup difference was observed in the most of sensory processing areas, except for modulation areas and behavioral & emotional response domains. The result revealed that toileting is significantly correlated with sensory processing. Therefore, this study suggests that the sensory processing function should be considered in the toilet training of children with ASD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.1449-1450
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.263-274
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• 2001

This article describes and illustrates cases the treatment of primary and secondary encopresis using a changing conditions and criterion design with two subjects. The dependent variables measured were increase in appropriate toileting behavior and decrease in inappropriate toileting behavior. After 12 and 13 weeks of treatment encopresis was completely eliminated. In a two-month follow-up and one year follow-up inappropriate toileting behavior was not reported. Appropriate toileting behavior was also reported generalized to settings outside the home.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of three factors - children's age, sex and parental feeding styles - on children's self-help skills. The subjects were 213 children and their parents who lived in Kwanak-ku, Seoul. The three-way analysis of variance was employed. The main results were as follows: 1. Children's autonomy was varied significantly according to their sex. Girls do better by themselves than boys do in toileting, washing and drying hands, putting on and buttoning up a coat, putting on clothes, washing and drying their faces. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to age. A majority of the autonomy subsets increased as the children's ages increased. However, drying their hands with a towel, removing their coats, and drinking water did not vary by age. 2. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to their parents' feeding style. A responsive feeding style encouraged children to drink water by themselves. 3. The group with the highest score in self-help skills in toileting was 6-year-old girls, and the group with the lowest score was 3-year-old boys. Additionally, the groups with the highest scores in toileting were 4-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritative feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style, 3-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style. Conversely, the groups with the lowest scores in toileting were 3-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, and 3-year-old and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style. 4. The group with the highest score in removing their coats was girls whose parnets demonstrated authoritative, responsive or neglective feeding styles. The group with the lowest score in removing their coats was boys whose parents demonstrated authoritative or neglective feeding styles.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lifestyle modifications on the constipation relief, the time required to see the effects, and the effective lifestyles for constipation in older adults admitted to a geriatric hospital. Methods: Nonequivalent control group pre-post test design was used. The subjects consisted of 25 elderly in the control group and 23 in the experimental group. Constipation was measured with symptoms of constipation, number of bowel movement and use of laxatives. Life style modification consisted of drinking water before breakfast, having a breakfast, scheduled toileting after breakfast and walking everyday for 3 weeks. Results: Symptoms of constipation (t=2.23, p=.030) and number of bowel movement per week (t=-2.55, p=.014) were significantly different between two groups after 3 weeks. Drinking water, scheduled toileting and walking might contribute to the results. Conclusion: Lifestyle modification was effective on constipation in older adults admitted to a geriatric hospital. However, the effects were produced after 3 weeks. Nevertheless, it is recommended that nurses continuously encourage older adults for drinking water, regular trying for bowel movement and walking to relieve constipation, since the lifestyle modification does not need any special education and skill.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

The WeeFIM is an outcome measure used worldwide to evaluate the functional abilities of children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of WeeFIM in Korean children with cerebral palsy (CP) using the Rasch model. The mean age of the participants (92 boys and 53 girls) was 10.6 years (SD=2.3, range 5~15 years). The Winsteps software was used for analyzing the internal construct validity and reliability of WeeFIM. For analyzing the internal validity the motor and cognitive area items of the WeeFIM were analyzed both together and separately. When all 18 items were analyzed 4 were considered to be misfits; upper extremity dressing, lower extremity dressing, toileting, and comprehension. When only the 13 motor items were analyzed, toileting, bladder management, and bowel management were considered misfits. In addition, only comprehension was considered as a misfit among the 5 cognitive items. The most difficult motor items were stair climbing, and bathing. The simple ones were eating, bowel management, and bladder management. The most difficult cognitive item was problem solving, and the simplest one was comprehension. The person separation indexes and reliability for combined and divided instruments were reported as excellent. These results demonstrated the applicability of WeeFIM to Korean CP children with satisfactory reliability and validity. Further studies should include young children with CP and compare item difficulty among the different types of CP. In addition, the Korean normative data of nondisabled children should be used to compare the cultural differences between Korea and other countries.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.145-160
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to identify caregiving situations and to examine resources for adjustment among family caregivers of the elderly with dementia. Thereby the study can provide the basic information for the development of education programs for family caregivers through in-depth interview. The main result of this study was as follows : 1) The major problems identified by family caregivers I caring for the elderly with dementia were related to care recipient's toileting and to care recipient's confusion and wandering. 2) The family caregiver expressed feelings of burden including chronic fatigue, depression, guilt and frustration. 3) The factors influencing the adjustment of family caregivers for demented elderly were quality of relationship, motivation for caregiving, circumstances of caregiving, social support and coping strategies.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to ethical review on the development and service with care assistance robot. An integrative review concept analysis method was used. We analyzed the classification and role of service robots, the concept of the robot ethic and the care ethic. And there were derived the development and service about care assistance robot in ethical viewpoint. For improving current care problem, government had support to developing four types care assistance robots. But there were provided carefully care service due to the limitations of robot technology and lack of overall social awareness with care robot. In addition, in order to be successfully application in the field, care assistance robots were developed to provide high-quality care service that can consider to personal culture and living environment with the development of artificial intelligence and robot technology, as well as ethical care service.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is widely used to determine the dependency of activity of daily living in rehabilitation patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the unidimentionality of the FIM physical items and to analyze the validity of cross-functional levels in stroke survivors in Korea. Thirteen physical items of FIM were rated according to an ordinal scale of a 7-level classification. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients participated in the study (age range 18~92 years and 57% male). Six items-eating, bladder control, bowel control, transfer to and from the bed/wheelchair, transfer to and from the toilet, and bathing-showed misfits with the Rasch model. The most difficult item was 'bathing', the easiest item was 'bowel control'. Although there were several differences within functional levels, the hierarchical order of item measures was rather similar. 'Bathing' was the most difficult in high level patients (above 60), however 'stairs' was most difficult in the middle level (41~60) group. In the low level group (below 40), 'toileting' was the most difficult. In conclusion, the present study has shown several differences of item difficulty among functional levels. This result will be useful in planning interventions, and developing rehabilitation programs for stroke survivors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.429-440
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to validate self care outcomes included Nursing Outcomes Classification(NOC) developed by Johnson and Maas at the University of Iowa. A sample of 103 nurse experts working in university affiliated hospitals participated in this study. They were asked to rate indicators that examplified the outcomes on a scale of 1(indicator is not at all characteristic) to 5(indicator is very characteristic). A questionnaire with an adaptation of Fehring's methodology was used to establish the content validity of outcomes. The results were as follows : 1. All indicators were considered to be 'supporting' and no indicators were considered to be 'nonsupporting'. 2. 'Self care: Toileting' attained an OCV score of 0.884 and was the highest OCV score among self care outcomes. 3. 'Self care: Oral Hygiene' attained an OCV score of 0.756 and was the lowest OCV score among self care outcomes. 4. 'Self-care: Activities of Daily Living (ADL)' attained an OCV score of 0.845 and the highest indicator was 'eating'. 5. 'Self-care: Bathing' attained an OCV score of 0.810 and the highest indicator was 'washes body'. 6. 'Self-care: Dressing' attained an OCV score of 0.831 and the highest indicator was 'buttons clothing'. 7. 'Self-care: Eating' attained an OCV score of 0.815 and the highest indicator was 'chews food'. 8. 'Self-care: Grooming' attained an OCV score of 0.833 and the highest indicator was 'combs or brushes hair'. 9. 'Self-care: Hygiene' attained an OCV score of 0.823 and the highest indicator was 'washes hands'. 10. 'Self-care: Insrumental Activities of Daily Living(IADL)' attained an OCV score of 0.776 and the highest indicator was 'uses telephones'. 11. 'Self-care: Non-Parenteral Medication' attained an OCV score of 0.796 and the highest indicator was 'identifies medication'. 12. 'Self-care: Parenteral Medication attained an OCV score of 0.810 and the highest indicator were 'identifies medication' and 'administers medication correctly'. More outcomes need to be validated and outcomes sensitive to Korean culture need to be developed.