• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.247-257
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• 2020

Despite the various smoking cessation programs that are available for college students, students have lower rates of quitting smoking than do other age groups. This study identifies the variables associated with continuous abstinence from smoking among college students. This study used the data from the National Tobacco Control Center and 781 college students who participated in the program conducted by the Daejeon Tobacco Control Center from June, 2015 to December, 2016. The results showed that the expiration CO level and the frequency of attending smoking cessation counseling were the significant variables related to the continuous abstinence rate at 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Students who had a low expiration CO level (?10 ppm) had a higher abstinence rate than did the students who had a high expiration CO level (≥10ppm), and the OR was 2.53 at 4-week, 2.33 at 12-week, and 2.13 at 24-week. The ORs for the 4-week, 12-week, and 24-week abstinence rates with one additional counseling session were 12.39, 13.13, and 12.21, respectively. This study suggests the need to increase the number of smoking cessation counseling sessions for effective smoking cessation intervention among college students.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.157-171
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• 2004

The objective of this case is to introduce KT&G's marketing strategy to go beyond its crisis. KT&G's crisis has started from tobacco which is its cash cow. Tobacco has been criticized as one of cancer causes. Until now Go and NGO suppress smoking. Its crisis is non-smoking. To live and grow beyond this crisis KT&G has 4 marketing strategies. First, they introduce new product tobacco by segmenting smoking market. Second, they want to get strong brand which has high quality, price premium, and favorable image. Third, they try to connect tobacco and bio-industry. Tobacco is very important resources of bio-industry. Finally, they is going to enter well-being market by its strength which is ginseng.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

Passive exposure to tobacco smoke significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in children. Children, in particular, seem to be the most susceptible population to the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Paternal smoking inside the home leads to significant maternal and fetal exposure to ETS and may subsequently affect fetal health. ETS has been associated with adverse effects on pediatric health, including preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal mortality, respiratory illness, neurobehavioral problems, and decreased performance in school. A valid estimation of the risks associated with tobacco exposure depends on accurate measurement. Nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, are commonly used as smoking biomarkers, and their levels can be determined in various biological specimens such as blood, saliva, and urine. Recently, hair analysis was found to be a convenient, noninvasive technique for detecting the presence of nicotine exposure. Because nicotine/cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, it is a unique measure of longterm, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Although smoking ban policies result in considerable reductions in ETS exposure, children are still exposed significantly to tobacco smoke not only in their homes but also in schools, restaurants, child-care settings, cars, buses, and other public places. Therefore, more effective strategies and public policies to protect preschool children from ETS should be consolidated.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4725-4732
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• 2012

Aim: The incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram is highest in India. We have conducted a population based matched case-control study to identify environmental and genetic risk factors in this geographical area. Methods: A total of 102 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 204 matched healthy population controls were recruited. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by PCR and H. pylori infections were determined by ELISA. Results: Tobacco-smoking was found to be an important risk factor for high incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram. Meiziol (local cigarette) smoking was a more important risk factor than other tobacco related habits. Cigarette, tuibur (tobacco smoke infused water) and betel nut consumption synergistically increased the risk of stomach cancer. Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were not found to be directly associated with stomach cancer in Mizoram. However, they appeared to be effect modifiers. Persons habituated with tobacco smoking and/or tuibur habit had increased risk of stomach cancer if they carried the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTT1 non-null genotype. Conclusion: Tobacco smoking, especially meiziol is the important risk factor for stomach cancer in Mizoram. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes modify the effect of tobacco habits. This study is a first step in understanding the epidemiology of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1747-1753
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• 2013

Background: It is projected that low and middle-income countries will bear a major burden of tobacco related morbidity and mortality, yet, only limited information is available on the determinants of smoking initiation among youth in Africa. This study aimed to assess the determinants of smoking initiation and susceptibility to future smoking among a population of high school school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Baseline data from an intervention study designed to assess the effect of an anti-smoking awareness program on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents was analyzed. The survey was carried out in six randomly selected public and private secondary schools in local government areas in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 973 students completed self-administered questionnaires on smoking initiation, health related knowledge and attitudes towards smoking, susceptibility to future smoking and other factors associated with smoking. Results: Of the respondents, 9.7% had initiated smoking tobacco products with the predominant form being cigarettes (7.3%). Males (OR: 2.77, 95%CI: 1.65-4.66) and those with more pro-smoking attitudes (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.34-1.54) were more likely to have initiated smoking. Those with parents and friends who are smokers were 3.47 (95%CI: 1.50-8.05) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.27-4.01) times more likely to have initiated smoking. Non-smoking students, in privately owned schools (OR: 5.08), with friends who smoke (5.09), with lower knowledge (OR: 0.87) and more pro-smoking attitudes (OR 1.13) were more susceptible to future smoking. In addition, respondents who had been sent to purchase cigarettes by an older adult (OR: 3.68) were also more susceptible to future smoking. Conclusions: Being male and having parents who smoke are predictors of smoking initiation among these students. Consistent with findings in other countries, peers not only influence smoking initiation but also influence smoking susceptibility among youth in this African setting. Prevention programs designed to reduce tobacco use among in-school youth should take these factors into consideration. In line with the recommendations of article 16 of the WHO FCTC, efforts to enforce the ban on the sales of cigarettes to minors should be also emphasised.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2002

The single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay is one of the useful tools for the study of genetic damage in humans exposed to environmental mutagens and carcinogens. This study was undertaken to evaluate the status of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes depending on their sex, age, smoking habits, and other factors in normal healthy Korean population. The 99 volunteers included in the study and out of these, 36 volunteers were smoker and 63 volunteers were non-smoker aged between 20-59 years. All individual answered a questionnaire that assessed their general information including smoking habits and the extent of the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and blood samples were obtained. There was a statistically significant difference in the extent of DNA damage between smoker and non-smoker (p<0.001). A significant difference was also observed between male and female (p<0.001) and amongst the different group of age (p<0.005), however, correlation analysis showed that only smoking habit was a significant factor for DNA damage. No significant effect of smoking duration, number of cigarettes smoking a day, SPY (smoke pack years) in smokers and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in non-smokers on the status of DNA damage was observed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.413-417
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• 2014

Background: Prisoners represent a population group that is disadvantaged, socially deprived and underprivileged, needing particular attention with regard to provision of necessary oral health care, health promotion and motivation and tobacco cessation. Considering the situation in prisons, smoking and tobacco chewing are burning issues related to health deterioration and economic loss that seem to be overlooked by the public health sectors. Aim: To assess prisoners' perception of tobacco use and cessation in Chhatisgarh, India. Materials and Methods: A pre-tested, close ended questionnaire was administered in the form of extensive face to face interviews, to assess perceptions regarding tobacco use and cessation in the central jail of Durg District of Chhattisgarh state, India. Results: Prevalence of tobacco usage amongst the prisoners was found to be 61%. Some 27% reported smoking, 44% used tobacco in the chewable form and 29% indulged in consuming tobacco in both forms i.e. smoked as well as chewed. Results suggest several recommendations for policy relevance such as provision of a prison dentist, a tobacco cessation counseling program and targeted eradication of oral cancer by educating the prisoners. Conclusions: Health is a fundamental human "right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being". This applies to prisoners just as it does to every other human being. The alarming findings in the study suggest the need for dental treatment facilities and tobacco cessation counseling in prisons.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6591-6593
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• 2013

Background: Environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality and is a known risk factor for lung cancer development in lifelong nonsmokers. The metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs) have now emerged as leading biomarkers for the study of carcinogen exposure in non-smokers exposed to ETS. Materials and Methods: We carried out our study on NNAL in the urine of non-smokers exposed to ETS and the association between ETS and lung cancer. Subjects were enrolled from 2008-2010. NNAL was analyzed for 74 non-smoking lung cancer and 85 healthy controls. The main objective of this study was to provide an estimate of the risk of lung cancer from exposure to ETS in the Korean population. Results: The mean NNAL concentration in urine was significantly lower in non-smoking patient groups (n=74) than in control groups (n=85) ($4.7{\pm}15.0$ pg/mg, $6.5{\pm}17.9$ pg/mg, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001). Conclusions: The urine NNAL of non-smoking patients with lung cancer was not elevated with regard to the non-smoking control group. This may be due to life-style changes after diagnosis. A prospective study will be needed to evaluate the association of NNAL and non-smoking lung cancer.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was performed to examined the effectiveness evaluation of peer education program on smoking prevention and cessation for elementary school students. Methods: Data were collected from 60 students in a rural area through self-administrated questionnaires. Child-leaders participated the peer education program to assist their friend, parent, and adult in community to quit the smoking for 4 weeks. Results and Conclusions: Major conclusions were as follows : 1. The peer education program on smoking prevention and cessation for elementary school students was reinforce to increasing the tobacco knowledge and the cessation skill, learning the communication skill, and improving the empowerment. 2. Image of tobacco, intention of smoking in future, recommendation for smoking cessation, pro of smoking. con of smoking, and level of assert in post-test were higher than those in pre-test. 3. There were significant differences in image of tobacco, con of smoking, and level of assert by grade between the pre-test and the post-test of peer education program. But intention of smoking in future, recommendation for smoking cessation, and pro of smoking were not related to effectiveness of peer education program. 4. Child-leaders for smoking prevention and cessation performed the their task to 1.4 persons per student. 5. Participating students were satisfied with the contents of program, the usefulness of educational materials, and preference of parents, but they were not satisfied with the usefulness of task note, learning time, and lecture room.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1159-1164
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• 2015

Background: The prevalence of smoking among secondary school children continues to remain unchanged over the last 3 decades even though awareness regarding the health effects of smoking is increasing. Common misconceptions about smoking and parental influence could be factors influencing future intentions to smoke among these students. Hence, we looked at the common misconceptions as well as student perceptions about their future intention to smoke among Form 4 students in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by distribution of a questionnaire developed as part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey to Form 4 student in 3 schools at Shah Alam. Results: Prevalence of smoking (current smokers) was 7.5%. Almost half of the children came from families where one or both parents smoked and a third of the parents had no discussion regarding consequences of smoking with them. A large number of students were classified as "triers" as they had tried smoking and were unsure of whether they would not be smoking in the future. Contrary to our expectations, students generally felt smoking did make one feel more uncomfortable and helped one to reduce body weight. Most students seemed to be aware of the ill-effects of smoking on health. They felt they had received adequate information from school regarding the effects on smoking on health. Conclusions: Our study showed that even though Form 4 students in Shah Alam were knowledgeable about ill-effects of smoking and were taught so as part of their school curriculum, the prevalence of smoking was still high. Students in the "trier group" represent a potential group of future smokers and strategies targeting tobacco control may be aimed at tackling these vulnerable individuals. Efforts are also needed to help educate secondary school children about common misconceptions and dispel myths associated with cigarette smoking.