• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 1997

For the ultimate goal of efficient retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production, we tried to increase virus titer by employing three methods: boosting virus production by treating virus-producing cells with sodium butyrate, concentration of virus stock by either filtration or ultracentrifugation. Compared to the control, applications of sodium butyrate (5 mM) treatment and filtration resulted in only 3 and 3. 6 folds of titer increases on bovine EBTr target cells, respectively. However, concentration of virus-containing medium by ultracentrifugation showed 12.5 folds of titer increase compared to the control (10${\times}$10$^5$ LacZ$^+$ TU Im), indicating the best method which can enhance retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 2006

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of poultry that can cause severe economic losses throughout the world. Vaccination has been used for a long time and proved as one of the most effective method to reduce the economic loss due to ND virus infection, The measurement of antibody titer such as hamagglutination-inhibition (Hl) test with sera has been used as a useful method to evaluate the immunity leve of host. However, Hl test is gradually being replaced by the enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA), To evaluate the efficacy of ELISA in the chickens vaccinated with different procedure, present study has been performed. After SPF chicks and commercial broilers were vaccinated with different kinds of live vaccines such as V4, VG/GA and/or Bl at various time, the antibody level has been measured using both HI test and ELISA. Challenge test with velogenic viscerotropic NDV was also performed to measure the protective level of antibody. In the SPF chickens, the mean ELISA titer after vaccination and survival rate after challenge was increased and correlated with days post inoculation. More than 80% of chickens with higher than 1,000 ELISA titer after vaccination were survived after challenge with velogenic ND virus and had good correlation between survival rate and antibody titier. In commercial broiler chickens, most of them at market age had low level of ELISA titer regardless of the number of vaccination, and had a low correlation between survival rate and ELISA titer. However, the ELISA titer of remaining birds after challenge was increased. This result indicated that ELISA titer had good response against velogenic NOV infection compared to Hl titer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.127-129
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• 1997

The cattle serum was investigated many cases of deformity calf in kyung-ju area. The serum antibody titer of Aino virus, which was not reported in domestic, was showed 3 cattle to ${\times}$2~64.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.545-549
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• 1997

Effects of swainsonine (SW;8${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-indolizidine-${\alpha}$, $2{\alpha}$8-triol from Locoweed) on the humoral immune responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) wer studied in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice/group), and LPS was given to each mouse 1 hr after i.p. injection with 3.7 mg/kg of swainsonine, by i.p. injection twice a week for 14 days at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Humoral immune responses were evaluated by hemagglutination (HA) titer and splenic plaque forming cells (PFC). The results of this study were summarized as follows: Mice administrated each of LPS and SW showed significant enhancement of the weight ratios of spleen to body, HA titer, 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant HA(MER-HA) titer and PFC compared with those in controls. However, the LPS plus SW treatment decreased HA titer, MER-HA titer and PFC corresponding to humoral immunity, as compared with those in the mice treated with LPS alone. These findings indicated that LPS significantly enhanced humoral immune responses, but their enhancement effects were lowered somewhat by SW.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.728-732
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• 2000

Propagation of Anagrapha falcifera nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AfNPV) was investigated using well-plates and split-flow air-lift bioreactors. In well-plate experiments, the effects of pH, cell density at a point of infection, serum concentration, DEAE-dextran, and lipid on virus propagation were all closely examined. The AfNPV titer in well-plates was optimal at pH 6.8 and $3{\times}10^6$ cells/$cm^2$. The virus titer was not dramatically affected when the fetal bovine serum concentration was reduced from 10% to 5%. The addition of cholesterol at AfNPV infection of Sf21 cells enhanced the virus titer, whereas the addition of DEAE-dextran did not improve the titer. The AfNPV titer ($3.8{\times}10^7$ $TCID_{50}/ml$) at optimized conditions for well-plate experiments was 2.5-fold higher than for the control. In bioreactor experiments, the AfNPV titer showed its maximum level at air flow rates of 20-40 ml/min. In a split-flow air-lift bioreactor, AfNPV titer ($2.3{\times}10^7\;TCID_{50}/ml$) was 1.5-fold higher than the control when the culture was at pH 6.8 and supplemented with 0.34 mM cholesterol.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2022

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is efficiently transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)). Currently, the most sensitive method for detecting plant viruses in insect vectors is reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In this study, the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) gene and acidic p0 ribosomal protein (RPAP0) gene were confirmed to be suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization in viruliferous T. citricida aphids using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper tools. Then the relative CTV titer in aphids (T. citricida) at different post-acquisition feeding times on healthy plants was quantified by RT-qPCR using EF-1α and RPAP0 as reference genes. The relative CTV titer retained in the aphids gradually decreased with increasing feeding time. During the first 0.5 h of feeding time on healthy plants, the remaining CTV titer in aphids showed about 80% rapid loss for the highly transmissible isolate CT11A and 40% loss for the poorly transmissible isolate CTLJ. The relative CTV titer in aphids during more than 12 h post-acquisition times for CT11A was significantly lower than at the other feeding times, which is similar to the trend found for CTLJ. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the relative titer variation of CTV remaining in T. citricida at different post-acquisition feeding times on healthy plants.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.78-82
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to survey the anti-HBs positivity and titers of antibody in current students who received nationwide vaccination against Hepatitis B virus which targeted infants in 1995. The subjects were 262 students in Gyeongnam province from April 2014 to October 2014. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 55.3% (145 people) and the negative rate of anti-HBs was 44.7% (117 people). Positivity was shown to be higher in women than men. However, there was no statistically significant difference. Of the HBV-vaccinated subjects, 117 (44.7%) had anti-HBs titer <10, which is judged to be negative, 126 (47.8%) had anti-HBs titer 10-499.9 mIU/mL, which is judged to be positive, and 22 (7.3%) had anti-HBs titer more than 500 mIU/mL. The rate of anti-HBs with lower titer (10-99.9 mIU/mL) was 62% in the positive group. Classifying the antibody titer according to age, the rate of anti-HBs positivity in titer with less than 100 mIU/mL was indicated to be 78.3% in cases of 19-20 year old and 46.7% in 21-22 year old, 52.3% in 23-24 year old. A case of the lower titer with 10-99.9 mIU/mL, showed significant difference according to age. As a result of research, the antibody titers is decreased depending on the passage of time. Hence, the checking of anti-HBs titer is needed after Hepatitis B vaccination and many healthy adults will need periodic boosters of hepatitis B vaccine to maintain production of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.36-53
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• 1961

This experiment was conducted on the fowl pox embryo vaccine for the production immunity, and stability, using an attenuated fowl pox virus (Nakano strin). Burnet's window method was applied, that is, 0.1 ml. of seed virus was inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane of 12-day old chicken embryos, and incubated for 5 to 6 day, and then the result were read. Four kinds of suspensions of different embyo tissue were prepared and tested for the infectivity in chickens. Finally the suspension of chorioallantoic membrane was used as the vaccine throughout the experiment. Results obtained in this experiment are summarized as follows: (1) Of embryo tissue infected with the vaccine virus, chorioallantoic membrane had the highest virus titer of $10^{-5.4}$ $EID_{50}$, and albumen the lowest titer of $10^{-0.7}$ $EID_{50}$. (2) Suspensions of infected whole embryo with or without saline, and de-embryonated whole egg had about the same virus titer of $10^{-4.4}$ $EID_{50}$, whereas the chorioallantoic membrane had $10^{-5.7}$ EID 50 or higher. The virus titer droped one log from $EID_{50}$ when inoculated into chickens. Takes were observed 35.6% of 500 chickens by stick method and 89% of 500 chickens by brush method. (3) The chorioallantoic membrane conferred almost perfect immunity for chickens by 10 days after vaccination. (4) Satisfactory immunity was observed in the chickens when eruption in a single follicle. (5) Eight of 10 vaccinated chickens revealed durable immunity for 307 days following vaccination. (6) The vacuum-dried vaccine maintained its infectiviy for 899 days at $5^{\circ}C$ or below and maintained the vius titer of $10^{-3.6}$ $EID_{50}$. On the other hand, non-desiccated wet vaccine maintained the titer of $10^{-3.0}$ $EID_{50}$ for 50 days of preservation period at $5^{\circ}$. However, in 50% glycerin-saline the infectivtiy of the same wet vaccine dropped to $10^{-1.5}$ $EID_{50}$ (7) The vartation of virus titer of the vaccine before and after desiccation was $10^{-0.5}$ $EID_{50}$ on the average. (8) As suspending media, 0.85 per cent saline and distilled water showed nearly the same effect on the infectivity of the vaccine by retaining the titer $10^{-3.0}$ $EID_{50}$ after 50 days of preservation both at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, while 50 percent cent glycerine-saline dropped the titer to $10^{-2.5}$ EID and $10^{-1.5}$ $EID_{50}$ respectively at $5^{\circ}C$ and $2^{\circ}C$ after the same period.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.347-359
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• 2018

Purpose: Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) share a similar inflammatory pathogenesis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) can induce anticyclic-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies (anti-CCP antibodies), a key factor in the development of RA. This study aimed at evaluating the relationships between the 2 diseases and identifying the clinical implications thereof, with a focus on periodontal pathogens in Korean adults. Methods: A total of 260 RA patients and 86 age- and sex-matched control patients without arthritis were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Periodontal indices and the prevalence and amount of periodontal pathogens were compared between the groups. Correlations between periodontal and RA indices were examined, as were correlations between 9 periodontal pathogens and RA indices. Results: The RA group had significantly higher values than the control group for all investigated periodontal indices (P<0.05) except the number of teeth. The gingival index (GI) was correlated with the disease activity score 28 (DAS28) (r=0.125, P=0.049), RA disease duration (r=0.253, P<0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r=0.162, P=0.010), and anti-CCP antibody titer (r=0.205, P=0.004). Probing pocket depth (PPD) was correlated with ESR (r=0.139, P=0.027) and anti-Pg antibody titer (r=0.203, P=0.001). Bleeding on probing (BOP) was correlated with DAS28 (r=0.137, P=0.030), RA disease duration (r=0.202, P=0.001), ESR (r=0.136, P=0.030), anti-Pg antibody titer (r=0.177, P=0.005), and anti-CCP antibody titer (r=0.188, P=0.007). Clinical attachment level (CAL) and periodontitis severity were correlated with anti-Pg antibody titer (the former r=0.201, P=0.002; the latter r=0.175, P=0.006). The quantity of Pg was positively correlated with the serum anti-Pg antibody titer (r=0.148, P=0.020). Conclusions: The GI, BOP, and PPD showed positive relationships with several RA indices. The anti-Pg antibody titer had positive relationships with PPD, BOP, CAL, and periodontitis severity. Thus, increasing values of periodontal indices could be used as a risk indicator of disease development in RA patients, and an increasing anti-Pg antibody titer could be considered as a warning sign in RA patients suffering with periodontitis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.28-34
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• 2002

Antigenicity of Rhodotrula rubra isolated from pulmonary tissue of pulmonary tuberculosis patients was studied by means of agglutination reaction with R. rubra whole cell antiserum. And the serological reactivity of crude polyfac charide from R. frubra, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida, glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26603 with antiserum to R. rubra whole cell was studied by means of immunodiffusion test. R. rubra showed stationary phase after 48h when it was cultured in GYEP broth. While agglutinogen titer was 1:64 at lag phase, agglutinogen titer was 1 :256 after 20h. After growth of R. rubra on different 11 media, nutritional environment showed similar agglu-tination reartivity. The agglutinogen titer of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. giabrata, which were isolated from patient's expectoration, to R. rubra antiserum by means of agglutination reaction were 1:16, respectively. But, Sacch. cervisiae ATCC26603 was negative. Those results were lower than that of R. rubra agglutinogen titer 1:256. As a result of immu-nodiffusion test with crude polysaccharide extracted from cell wall of R. rubra, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, Sacch. cervisiae ATCC26603, precipitin line was found only with R. rubra, of which antibody titer was 8.