• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.310-318
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• 2019

Purpose: Surface alterations of titanium discs following instrumentation with either a nylon brush or a metal brush were evaluated. Methods: A total of 27 titanium discs with 3 surface types (9 discs for each type), including machined (M) surfaces, sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surfaces, and surfaces treated by resorbable blast media (RBM), were used. Three discs were instrumented with a nylon brush, another 3 discs were instrumented with a metal brush, and the remaining 3 discs were used as controls for each surface type. Surface properties including the arithmetic mean value of a linear profile (Ra), maximum height of a linear profile (Rz), skewness of the assessed linear profile (Rsk), arithmetic mean height of a surface (Sa), maximum height of a surface (Sz), developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr), skewness of a surface profile (Ssk), and kurtosis of a surface profile (Sku) were measured using confocal microscopy. Results: Instrumentation with the nylon brush increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surfaces. On the SA surfaces, Ra, Sa and Sdr decreased after nylon brush use. Meanwhile, the roughness of the RBM surface was not affected by the nylon brush. The use of the metal brush also increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surface; however, the increase in Sdr was not statistically significant (P=0.119). The decreases in the Rz, Sz, Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the SA surfaces were remarkable. On the RBM surfaces, the use of the metal brush did not cause changes in Ra and Sa, whereas Rz, Sz, and Sdr were reduced. Conclusions: Titanium surfaces were altered when instrumented either with a nylon brush or a metal brush. Hence, it is recommended that nylon or metal brushes be used with caution in order to avoid damaging the implant fixture/abutment surface.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.36.2-36.2
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• 2011

Titanium and its alloys have been widely used for orthopedic implants because of their good biocompatibility. We have previously shown that the crystalline titania layers formed on the surface of titanium metal via anodic oxidation can induce apatite formation in simulated body fluid, whereas amorphous titania layers do not possess apatite-forming ability. In this study, hot water and heat treatments were applied to transform the titania layers from an amorphous structure into a crystalline structure after titanium metal had been anodized in acetic acid solution. The apatite-forming ability of titania layers subjected to the above treatments in simulated body fluid was investigated. The XRD and SEM results indicated hot water and/or heat treatment could greatly transform the crystal structure of titania layers from an amorphous structure into anatase, or a mixture of anatase and rutile.The abundance of Ti-OH groups formed by hot water treatment could contribute to apatite formation on the surface of titanium metals, and subsequent heat treatment would enhance the bond strength between the apatite layers and the titanium substrates. Thus, bioactive titanium metals could be prepared via anodic oxidation and subsequent hot water and heat treatment that would be suitable for applications under load-bearing conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.1076-1079
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• 2001

This investigation reports the grinding characteristics of titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V). Grinding experiments were performed at various grinding conditions. The grinding forces and grinding force ratio were measured to investigate the grindability of titanium alloy with the Diamond and CBN wheel. To investigate the grinding characteristics of titanium alloy grinding force ratio and grinding ratio were measured. Surface profile of wheel was also measured with tracer and the ground surfaces and chip were observed with SEM. Grinding-ratio of titanium alloy was much lower than that of other materials. Grinding-ratio of titanium alloy with Diamond wheel was almost six times larger than that with CBN wheel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.76-82
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• 2001

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides ponder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R R ratio($H_2O$/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. All titanium dioxides m characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface mea of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalyses. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts on the Photocatalytic foundation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90%, of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.745-751
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• 2012

The Kroll process for magnesium reduction of titanium tetrachloride is used for mass production of titanium sponge. The present study was conducted in a lab scale reactor to develop a better understanding of the mechanism of titanium sponge formation in the Kroll reactor with respect to reaction degrees and the feeding rate of $TiCl_4$. The $MgCl_2$ produced during the initial stage of the reaction was not sunk into the molten magnesium, but covered the surface of the molten magnesium. As a result, subsequently fed $TiCl_4$ reacted with Mg exposed on the edge of molten $MgCl_2$ in the crucible. Therefore, titanium sponge grew toward the center of the crucible from the edge. The temperature of the molten magnesium increased remarkably with the increasing feeding rate of $TiCl_4$. Consequently, fed $TiCl_4$ reacted at the upper side of the crucible with evaporated Mg, and produced titanium on the upper surface of the crucible wall, which increased considerably with the feeding rate of $TiCl_4$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

In this present study, we have synthesized Fe-containing AC(activated carbon)/$TiO_2$ composites with titanium (VI) n-butoxide (TNB) as a titanium source to Fe treated AC through an impregnation method. The result of the textural surface properties demonstrates that there is a slight decrease in the BET surface area of composite samples with an increase of the amount of Fe treated. The surface properties of scanning electron microscope (SEM) presented a characterization of a porous texture on the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites and homogenous compositions for Fe and titanium dioxide distributed on the sample surfaces. Fe compound peaks and a titanium dioxide structure were observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns for the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites. The results of chemical elemental composition for the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites showed that most of the spectra for these samples gave stronger peaks for C, O, treated Fe components and Ti metal than that of any other elements. From the photo degradation results for the piggery waste, the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites showed an excellent degradation activity for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) due to a photocatalysis of the supported $TiO_2$, radical reaction by Fe species and the adsorptivity and absorptivity of porous carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2001

Ti-6Al-4V alloy can be obtained the stability of organization and product treasure, the evaluation of the cutting ability and the mechanical characteristics after the heat treatment of annealing, solution and aging. The difficulty in machining titanium alloy is how treat the heat generated during the process. Because the heat conductivity of titanium alloy is regardfully low, the heat generated during grinding is accumulated in workpiece. and it causes the increasing of grinding wheel grits' wear and makes the ground surface rough. So, these characteristics in grinding of titanium alloy will change the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy. From this study. the mechanical characteristics of annealed one and solution and aging one treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy after grinding was concerned with checking out the bending strength and hardness. For the result, both of bending strength and hardness were increased at the burned area on the surface. Roughness value was remarkably high at the table speed of 10m/min.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2002

The wear behaviors of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene pins against titanium alloy and stainless steel disks moving in two different kinematic motion were investigated by conducting repeat pass rotational sliding and linear reciprocal sliding wear tests. Linear reciprocal motion wore more the polyethylene pin than did repeat pass rotational motion for both disk materials. It means that the repeated directional change of contact stresses generates more wear debris in polyethylene. For the linear reciprocal sliding tests, titanium alloy disks were damaged with some scratches after one million cycles but no surface damage was observed on the polyethylene pins. On the other hand, fur the repeat pass rotational sliding tests, all titanium alloy disks were severely abraded on the entire region of sliding track. This phenomenon can be interpreted by that stress fatigue under repeated sliding contact initiated titanium oxide layer wear particles from disk surface, and these hard particles were embedded into polyethylene pin and then they severely abraded the disk surface. From these results it can be concluded that the kinematic motion in pin-on-disk wear tests play a crucial role on the wear behaviors of UHMWPE pins against titanium alloy and stainless steef discs.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2008

Titanium and its alloys, due to their superior properties of high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance, are increasingly used in living applications in the 21century. The applications in aerospace and medical industries demand machining process more frequently to obtain a desired product. But unfortunately, this material is one of the most difficult-to-cut. In the turning process of titanium alloys, the key point for successful work is to select proper tool materials and cutting conditions. This study suggests a guidance for selecting the tool materials and the cutting speeds to improve tool life and surface integrity in Ti-6Al-4V titanium turning process. The experiments investigate the change of surface roughnesses, cutting forces and flank wear with various cutting parameters of tool materials, depth of cuts and feeds. As the results, K10 type of insert tip was assured as the best for turning of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.306-306
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• 2007

The surface was transformed to porous titanium oxide by the anodization of pure titanium. Titanium was anodized in non-aqueous and aqueous electrolytes at different potentials between 5 V and 150 V. Various electrolytes were compose of ethylene glycerol, $H_2SO_4,\;NH_4F\;and\;H_2O$. We obtained titania nanotube arrays on the micro pore of titanium. Micro pores and nano tubes were obtained by anodization at high potentials and low potentials, respectively. Morphologies of nanotubes and micro pore were characterized by FE-SEM. The unique surface structure is very attractive to electrical and medical applications such as gas sensor, biosensor, dental implant and stent.