• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Heartworm disease (HWD) in dogs is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease resulting in right-sided congestive heart failure and inflammatory pulmonary disease. Due to complications from adulticidal therapy with melarsomine, slow kill protocol either with preventive dose of ivermectin or combined with doxycycline has been proposed for an alternative adultcidal therapy in dogs with HWD. Therefore, this study evaluated the clinical outcome of adultcidal therapy in dogs with class II stage of HWD after treating either American Heartworm Society (AHS) or slow kill protocol for 10 months. Clinical outcome after therapy was evaluated by clinical, radiographic and echocardiographic examination along with hematology before (D0) and after therapy (D300). Although clinical signs associated with HWD were all resolved after therapy in both groups, the infection was not cleared out 67% of dogs treated by slow kill protocol at the end of therapy. Furthermore, pulmonary arterial flow of acceleration time to ejection time ratio (AT/ET) and the right pulmonary artery distensibility index (RPADI) have been firstly used for detecting pulmonary hypertension in this study group. The pulmonary hypertension was more common in dogs with mild clinical signs, although tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation were not detectable in most dogs in this study. Our study findings suggested that the slow kill protocol might not be efficacious enough to clear out HWD in dogs and more attention on the presence of pulmonary hypertension might be necessary for effective management of HWD in dogs.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 1989

The effects of intraperitoneal injection of cephradine in a dose of 75 mg/kg and netilmicin in dose of 50 mg/kg and their combination on creatinine and urea serum levels of rabbits were studied as well as the antipseudomonal activity against three multiresistant clinicial isolates. The antibacterial activity was investigated by two methods: Checkerboard titration method and time-kill studies. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the sera obtained from the rabbits receiving the used drugs in the previous regimen was studied using time-kill study method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Results obtained from this study indicated that both creatinine and urea serum levels of the rabbits receiving both drugs were not significantly different from those of the rabbits receiving either cephradine or netilmicin alone. At the same time the in vitro antibactrial activity (either of the prepared solutions of the used drugs and their combination or of the sera obtained from the rabbits receiving these drugs as mentioned before) showed a synergistic effect against the tested strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1263-1272
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• 2009

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is a traditional Korean medicine that is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as edema, arthritis, hepatitis, and endangitis. The several extracts of danshen were tested for antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in clinic by broth microdilution method, the checkerboard, and time-kill methods to evaluate the synergistic effects of the combination of the extracts with antibiotics. The chloroform ($CHCl_3$) and n-hexane (HEX) extracts [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 0.0078-0.3125${\mu}g/mL$; minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 0.019-0.625${\mu}g/mL$] were found to have strong antibacterial activity against MRSA. Additionally, when the $CHCl_3$ and HEX extracts were co-administered with ampicillin or oxacillin, a synergistic effect against MRSA was observed. Furthermore, a time-kill study evaluating the effects of the extracts against MRSA indicated that treatment with the $CHCl_3$ extract in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin produced rapid bactericidal activity. These results suggest that danshen extracts may have potently antimicrobial activity and thus, it can be a suitable phytotherapeutic agent for treating MRSA infections.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.15-21
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• 2015

Objectives : Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a human pathogen. New antibacterial agents are needed to treat MRSA-related infections. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of EtOH 70% extracts ofTonghyeonipal-dan(THD) which prescription is composed of oriental medicine against MRSA.Methods : The antibacterial activity of THD was evaluated against MRSA strains by using the Disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method, Checkerboard dilution test, and Time-kill test; its mechanism of action was investigated by bacteriolysis, detergent or ATPase inhibitors were used.Results : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of THD is 1,000~2,000 μg/mL against MRSA. In the checkerboard dilution test, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of THD in combination with antibiotics indicated synergy or partial synergism againstS. aureus. Furthermore, a time-kill assay showed that the growth of the tasted bacteria was considerably inhibited after 24 h of treatment with the combination of THD with selected antibiotics. For measurement of cell membrane permeability, THD 500 μg/mL along with concentration of Triton X-100 (TX) and Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) were used. In the other hand, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and Sodium azide (NaN3) were used as an inhibitor of ATPase. TX, TRIS, DCCD and NaN3 cooperation againstS. aureusshowed synergistic action.Conclusions : Accordingly, antimicrobial activity of THD was affected by cell membrane and inhibitor of ATPase were assessed. These results suggest that THD has antibacterial activity, and that THD extract offers great potential as a natural antibiotic against MRSA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.858-864
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• 2007

This study investigated the antibacterial activities of sophoraflavanone G from Sophora flavescens in combination with two antimicrobial agents against oral bacteria. The combined effect of sophoraflavanone G and the antimicrobial agents was evaluated using the checkerboard method to obtain a fractional inhibitory concentration(FIC) index. The sophoraflavanone G+ampicillin(AM) combination was found to have a synergistic effect against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. gordonii, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis, whereas the sophoraflavanone G+gentamicin(GM) combination had a synergistic effect against S. sanguinis, S. criceti, S. anginosus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis. Neither combination exhibited any antagonistic interactions(FIC index>4). In particular, the MICs/MBCs for all the bacteria were reduced to one-half$\sim$one-sixteenth as a result of the drug combinations. A synergistic interaction was also confirmed by time-kill studies for nine bacteria where the checkerboard suggested synergy. Thus, a strong bactericidal effect was exerted through the drug combinations, plus in vitro data suggested that sophoraflavanone G combined with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial rather than antagonistic.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2019

It has long been known that weapon target assignment (WTA) problem is NP-hard. Nonetheless, an exact solution can be found using Brute-Force or branch-and bound method which utilize approximation. Many heuristic algorithms, genetic algorithm particle swarm optimization, etc., have been proposed which provide near-optimal solutions in polynomial time. This paper suggests polynomial time algorithm that can be obtain the optimal solution of WTA problem for the number of total weapons k, the number of weapon types m, and the number of targets n. This algorithm performs k times for O(mn) so the algorithm complexity is O(kmn). The proposed algorithm can be minimize the number of trials than brute-force method and can be obtain the optimal solution.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of (-)-epigalocatechin on Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. To test the antimicrobial effect of (-)-epigalocatechin, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of against 4 strains of F. nucleatum, 2 strains of P. intermedia, and 2 strains of P. gingivalis was measured by broth dilution method. Time-kill curves were assessed for susceptible bacteria, testing $0{\times}MIC$ (control group), $0.5{\times}MIC$, $1{\times}MIC$, and $2{\times}MIC$ for (-)-epigalocatechin, by counting viable bacteria after 3, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1440 minutes. The MIC of (-)-epigalocatechin was 0.312-0.625, 0.625, and 0.625 mg/ml on the strains of F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis, respectively. Time-kill curves demonstrated (-)-epigalocatechin had bactericidal activity on P. intermedia ATCC $25611^T$, P. gingival is ATCC 53978, and F. nucleatum subsp. fusiforme ATCC $51190^T$. The results suggest that (-)-epigalocatechin can be useful in developing the oral hygiene product such as tooth past and gargling solution for the prevention of periodontal diseases.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2010

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza) is a traditional Korean medicine that is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as edema, arthritis, and hepatitis. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol (MeOH) extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots against oral bacteria using broth the microdilution method and the checkerboard and time-kill methods evaluated the synergistic effects of treatment with antibiotics. The MeOH extract was demonstrated as a higher antibacterial activity (MICs, 8 to $64\;{\mu}g/mL$; MBCs, 16 to $64\;{\mu}g/mL$) against all tested oral bacteria. Additionally, the extract was observed to have a synergistic effect with ampicillin or gentamicin. A time-kill study evaluating the effects of the extract indicated that the extract treatment in combination with ampicillin or gentamicin showed rapid bactericidal activity. The results suggest that MeOH extract of S. miltiorrhiza could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent against dental caries.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.93-99
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• 2002

Traditionally, ultraviolet (UV) has been used for treating the pressure sore and skin wound. The effects of UVA and UVB radiation on disinfection have been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of UVC radiation on disinfection of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. Three bacterium were radiated by UVC (250 nm, 20 seconds) and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours at the agar culture medium. Kill rates of all three bacterium were 99.9%. UVC radiated on three kinds of bacterium for 30 or 60 seconds. Kill rates were 99.9% both 30 and 60 seconds. This data suggests that UV light at 250 nm could be a useful method to minimize infection and shorten healing time in pressure sore and skin wound condition.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze in vitro and in vivo activities of LCB01-0183, a new oxazolidinone, against clinical isolates of bacteria. In vitro antibacterial activity of LCB01-0183 was tested by the two fold agar dilution method. In vivo activity of LCB01-0183 was determined against systemic infections in mice. LCB01-0183 showed most potent activity among the test compounds against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the protective activity of LCB01-0183 was very effective against systemic infections in mice by oral or subcutaneous administration. In time kill study, LCB01-0183 showed a bacteriostatic activity during 24 hours. LCB01-0183 had potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria including drug-resistant strains.