• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 1992

Viscoelastic characteristics of agricultural products may be determined through three basic tests ; stress relaxation, creep, and dynamic test. Considering the changeability of living materials, dynamic test in which information is derived in a relatively short time appears to be highly desirable, in which either cyclic stress or cyclic strain is imposed and the remaining quantity (strain or stress) is measured. The periodically varying stress will also result in periodically varying strain which in a viscoelastic material should theoretically be out of phase with the stress, because part of the energy subjected to sample is stored in the material as potential energy and part is dissipated as heat. This behavior results in a complex frequency-dependent compliance denoted by J($i{\omega}$). The complex compliance and therefore the storage compliance, the loss compliance, the phase angle, and percent energy loss for the sample should be obtainable with a given static viscoelastic property of the material under static load. The complex compliance of the rough rice kernel were computed from the Burger's model describing creep behavior of the material which were obtained in the previous study. Also, the effects of cyclic load and moisture content of grain on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the samples were analyized. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The storage compliance of the rough rice kernel slightly decreased with the frequency applied but at above the frequency of 0.1 Hz it was nearly constant with the frequency, and the loss compliance of the sample very rapidly decreased with increase in the frequency on those frequency ranges. 2. It was shown that the storage compliance and the loss compliance of the sample increased with increase in grain moisture content. Effect of grain moisture content on the storage compliance of the sample was highly significant than effect of the frequency applied, but effect of the frequency on the loss compliance of the sample was more significant than effect of grain moisture content. 3. In low moisture content, the percent energy loss of Japonica-type rough rice was much higher than that of Indica-type rough rice, but, in high moisture content, vice versa.

• 한국철도학회논문집
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.100-105
• /
• 2014

해중철도 부근에서 테러나 사고에 의해 수중폭발이 발생하였을 경우, 함체에 치명적인 손상을 가할 수 있으므로, 충분한 강도를 확보해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 설계 목적으로 해중철도 인근에서 수중폭발이 발생한 경우, 경험에 기초한 공식을 이용하여 충격압을 추정하고, 충격압에 의한 해중철도의 응답을 해석할 수 있는 간이 해석 방법을 제안하였다. 해중철도 함체를 탄성 지지된 보로 이상화하고, 초기 최대 충격압이 작용하는 보에 대해 정적 유한요소해석을 실시한 후, 동하중 계수와 조합함으로 최대 변위 및 굽힘 모멘트를 계산한다. 간이해석 결과는 상용 유한요소해석 소프트웨어를 이용한, 시간에 따른 과도응답해석 결과와 비교하여 양호한 일치를 보임을 확인하였다.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2015

Facile immobilization of growth factors in hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels using dual enzymes is reported in the paper. The hydrogels were formed by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and transforming growth factor-${\beta}3$ (TGF-${\beta}3$) was covalently conjugated on the hydrogels in situ using tyrosinase (Ty) without any modifications. For the preparation of hydrogels, HA was grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which was modified with a tyrosine. The gelation times of the HA hydrogels were ranging from 415 to 17 s and the storage moduli was dependent on the concentration of $H_2O_2$ and Ty (470-1600 Pa). A native TGF-${\beta}3$ (200 ng/mL) was readily encapsulated in the HA hydrogels and 17% of the TGF-${\beta}3$ was released over 1 month at the Ty concentration of 0.5 KU/mL, while the release was faster when 0.3 KU/mL of Ty was used for the encapsulation (27%). It can be suggested that the growth factors resident in the hydrogels for a long period of time may lead cells proliferating and differentiating, whereas the growth factors that are initially released from the hydrogels can induce the ingrowth of cells into the matrices. Therefore, the dual enzymatic methods as facile gel forming and loading of various native growth factors or therapeutic proteins could be highly promising for tissue regenerative medicines.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.249-263
• /
• 2019

In the current paper, an exact solution method is carried out for analyzing the thermo-mechanical vibration of curved FG nano-beams subjected to uniform thermal environmental conditions, by considering porosity distribution via nonlocal strain gradient beam theory for the first time. Nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory is adopted to consider the size effects in which the stress for not only the nonlocal stress field but also the strain gradients stress field is considered. It is perceived that during manufacturing of functionally graded materials (FGMs) porosities and micro-voids can be occurred inside the material. Material properties of curved porous FG nanobeam are assumed to be temperature-dependent and are supposed to vary through the thickness direction of beam which modeled via modified power-law rule. Since variation of pores along the thickness direction influences the mechanical and physical properties, porosity play a key role in the mechanical response of curved FG nano-structures. The governing equations and related boundary condition of curved porous FG nanobeam under temperature field are derived via the energy method based on Timoshenko beam theory. An analytical Navier solution procedure is utilized to achieve the natural frequencies of porous FG curved nanobeam supposed to thermal loading. The results for simpler states are confirmed with known data in the literature. The effects of various parameters such as nonlocality parameter, porosity volume fractions, thermal effect, gradient index, opening angle and aspect ratio on the natural frequency of curved FG porous nanobeam are successfully discussed. It is concluded that these parameters play key roles on the dynamic behavior of porous FG curved nanobeam. Presented numerical results can serve as benchmarks for future analyses of curve FG nanobeam with porosity phases.

• 한국항행학회논문지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2019

contents and big data웹은 사람들의 일상생활에 있어 가장 밀접한 기술 중 하나로 오늘날 대부분의 사람들은 웹을 통해 데이터를 공유하고 있다. 단순 메신저, 뉴스, 영상뿐만 아니라 다양한 데이터가 현재 웹을 통하여 전파되고 있는 셈이다. 또한 웹 어셈블리 기술이 등장하면서 기존 네이티브 환경에서 구동되던 프로그램들이 웹의 영역에 진입하기 시작하면서 웹이 공유하는 데이터는 이제 VR/AR 콘텐츠, 빅데이터 등 그 범주가 점차 넓어지고, 크기가 거대해지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 브라우저에 종속적이지 않고 독립적으로 동작이 가능한 서비스워커와 웹 브라우저 내에 데이터를 효과적으로 저장할 수 있는 캐시 API를 활용하여 웹 서비스를 사용하는 사용자들에게 웹 콘텐츠를 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.78.1-78.13
• /
• 2022

Background: Florfenicol might be ineffective for treating Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs) mastitis. Objectives: In this study, florfenicol-loaded chitosan (CS)-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) composite nanogels were prepared to allow targeted delivery to SCV infected sites. Methods: The formulation screening, the characteristics, in vitro release, antibacterial activity, therapeutic efficacy, and biosafety of the florfenicol composite nanogels were studied. Results: The optimized formulation was obtained when the CS and TPP were 10 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimized florfenicol composite nanogels were 87.3% ± 2.7%, 5.8% ± 1.4%, 280.3 ± 1.5 nm, 0.15 ± 0.03, and 36.3 ± 1.4 mv, respectively. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that spherical particles with a relatively uniform distribution and drugs might be incorporated in cross-linked polymeric networks. The in vitro release study showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels exhibited a biphasic pattern with the sustained release of 72.2% ± 1.8% at 48 h in pH 5.5 phosphate-buffered saline. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of commercial florfenicol solution and florfenicol composite nanogels against SCVs were 1 and 0.25 ㎍/mL, respectively. The time-killing curves and live-dead bacterial staining showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels were concentration-dependent. Furthermore, the florfenicol composite nanogels displayed good therapeutic efficacy against SCVs mastitis. Biological safety studies showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels might be a biocompatible preparation because of their non-toxic effects on the renal tissue and liver. Conclusions: Florfenicol composite nanogels might improve the treatment of SCV infections.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제52권4호
• /
• pp.375-382
• /
• 2024

The study focuses on evaluating the bending creep performance of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) formwork in timber concrete composite (TCC) structures. Timber-framed construction is highlighted for its environmental benefits and seismic resistance, but limitations such as poor tensile strength and brittle failure in bending hinder its use in high-rise buildings. Wood-concrete hybrid structures, particularly those using reinforced concrete slabs with TCC floors, emerge as a potential solution. The research aims to understand the time-dependent behavior of TCC components, considering factors like wood and concrete shrinkage and connection creep. The experiment was conducted in western Japan on the TCC floor designed for use in the Kama-city Inatsuki-higashi compulsory education school. The LVL formwork, measuring 9,000 mm by 900 mm, and concrete is loaded onto it for testing. The creep test periods are examined using concrete loading. It employs a comprehensive creep analysis, adhering to Japanese standards, involving deflection measurements and regression analysis to estimate the creep coefficient. Results indicate substantial deformation after shoring removal, suggesting potential reinforcement needs. The study recommends extending test periods for improved accuracy and recognizing regional climate impacts. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the potential of LVL formwork in TCC structures, emphasizing safety considerations and paving the way for further experimentation under varied conditions to validate structural integrity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.147-160
• /
• 2008

The present study was designed to examine effects of polyphenolic compounds isolated from red wine (PCRW) on the release of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla, and to clarify its mechanism of action. PCRW (20${\sim}$180 ${\mu}$g/mL), given into an adrenal vein for 90 min, caused inhibition of the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high $K^+$ (a direct membrane-depolarizer, 56 mM), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic $N_N$ receptor agonist, 100 ${\mu}$M) and McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic $M_1$ receptor agonist, 100 ${\mu}$M) in dose- and time-dependent fashion. PCRW itself did not affect basal CA secretion (data not shown). Following the perfusion of PCRW (60 ${\mu}$g/mL), the secretory responses of CA evoked by Bay-K-8644 (a L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, 10 ${\mu}$M), cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, 10 ${\mu}$M) and veratridine (an activator of voltage-dependent $Na^+$ channels, 10 ${\mu}$M) were also markedly blocked, respectively. Interestingly, in the simultaneous presence of PCRW (60 ${\mu}$g/mL) and L-NAME (a selective inhibitor of NO synthase, 30 ${\mu}$M), the inhibitory responses of PCRW on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclpiazonic acid were recovered to considerable level of the corresponding control release compared with those effects of PCRW-treatment alone. Practically, the amount of NO released from adrenal medulla after loading of PCRW (180 ${\mu}$g/mL) was significantly increased in comparison to the corresponding basal released level. Collectively, these results obtained here demonstrate that PCRW inhibits the CA secretory responses evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both muscarinic and nicotinic) receptors as well as by direct membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused adrenal gland of the normotensive rats. It seems that this inhibitory effect of PCRW is mediated by blocking the influx of both ions through $Na^+$ and $Ca^+{2$} channels into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which are due at least partly to the increased NO production through the activation of nitric oxide synthase. Based on these data, it is also thought that PCRW may be beneficial to prevent or alleviate the cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and angina pectoris.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제39권4호통권118호
• /
• pp.471-480
• /
• 2006

비점오염원 제어를 위한 현장실험을 실시하였다. 연구시설은 인공습지와 유수지를 각각 4개씩 조성하였으며, 각각의 면적은 0.8 ha와 0.08 ha이고, 총 면적은 약 3.6 ha이다. 습지의 유입수는 충남 당진군의 석문담수호로 유입되는 당진천의 물을 펌핑하여 사용하였다. 습지의 수심은 웨어를 이용하여 생장기 (3월${\sim}$8월)과 동절기 (12월${\sim}$2월)에 각각 0.3 m와 0.5 m를 유지하였으며, 체류시간은 2${\sim}$5일이었다. TP를 제외한 대부분의 수질항목에서 ($BOD_5$, TSS, TN)생장기보다 동절기에 더 높은농도를 나타내는 것으로 나타났으며, $BOD_5$는 동절기 동안에 유출수의 농도가 유입수보다 더 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 동절기 동안에 제거된 부하량은 $BOD_5$, TSS는 감소한 반면에 TN과 TP는 감소하지 않고 생장기과 비슷한 값을 나타내었다. 다른 연구자에 의한 연구결과인 NADB (North American Treatment Wetland Database)와 비교해 보면 $BOD_5$, TSS, TN, TP모두 동일 유입부하량에 대해 대부분 NADB와 비슷하거나 약간 낮은 유출수의 농도를 나타내었다. 동절기 동안에 생장기와 비슷한 농도의 유출수를 얻기 위해서는 유입부하량은 생장기보다 감소시켜 적용하면 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구결과 인공습지는 동절기에도 안정적인 처리율을 얻을 수 있으며, 비점오염제어에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.5-20
• /
• 2010

1차원 등가선형 지반응답해석은 지반에 의한 지진동의 증폭현상을 모사하는데 널리 사용되고 있다. 등가선형해석은 적은 수의 입력변수를 필요로하므로 사용하기 편리하며 해석 소요시간이 짧다는 장점을 가지고 있는 반면, 시간에 따라서 변화하는 지반의 비선형 거동을 모사할 수 없으며 일정한 전단탄성계수와 감쇠비를 해석 내내 적용하는 선형해석이라는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 등가선형해석의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 진동 주파수와 변형률과의 관계를 모사하는 다양한 형태의 수정된 등가선형해석기법들이 개발되었다. 수정된 기법들은 전단변형률 푸리에 스펙트럼을 사용한다는 점에서는 동일하지만, 이로부터 변형률의 주파수 의존도를 정의하는 과정에서는 차이를 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 수정된 등가선형해석기법들의 정확성을 평가하기 위하여 국내에서 조사된 두 개의 토층에서 일련의 비선형, 등가선형, 수정된 등가선형 지반응답해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과, 수정된 등가선형해석기법들은 고주파수 요소를 과대 예측할 수 있으며, 특히 고주파수 요소가 풍부한 인공지진파를 입력 지진파로 사용하였을 경우 비현실적인 응답이 계산될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.