• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1982

The objective of this study was to find out the technical feasibility of ethanol-diesel fuel blends as a diesel engine fuel. Fuel properties essential to the proper operation of a diesel engine were determined for blends containing several concentrations of ethanol in No. 2 diesel fuel. A single-cylinder diesel engine for a power tiller was used for the engine tests, in which load, speed and fuel consumption rate were measured. The fuels used in tests were No. 2 diesel fuel and a blend containing 10-percent ethanol and 90-percent No. 2 diesel fuel. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. It was not possible to blend ethanol and No. 2 diesel fuel as a homogeneous solution even though anhydrous ethanol was used. The problem of blending ethanol in No. 2 diesel fuel could be solved by adding butanol about 5% of the amount of ethanol in the blends. 2. Because ethanol had a much lower boiling point ($78.3^{\circ}C$ under atmospheric pressure) than a diesel fuel, it was necessary to store ethanol-diesel fuel blends airtight in order to prevent them from evaporation losses of ethanol. 3. The addition of ethanol to No. 2 diesel fuel lowered the fuel viscosity and the cetane rating, but a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% diesel fuel had a viscosity and a cetane rating well above the KS minimum values for No. 2 diesel fuel. 4. At the rated speed, the specific fuel consumption of No.2 diesel fuel was lower than that of the 10% ethanol blend for the almost entire range of load. However, under the overload condition the specific fuel consumption was lower for the 10% ethanol blend. 5. Under the variable-speed full-load tests, both fuels produced approximately the same torque and power. At the speeds of 1600rpm or below, the specific fuel consumption of No. 2 diesel fuel was lower than that of the 10% ethanol blend. At the speeds of 1600rpm or above, however, the specific fuel consumption was lower for the 10% ethanol blend. 6. At the ambient temperature above $15^{\circ}C$, the use of the 10% ethanol blend in the engine created a vapor lock in the fuel injection pump and stalled the engine. The vapor locking problem was overcome by chilling the surroundings of the fuel injection pump and the cylinder head with water.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1988

The response of forage yield was studied with various growth indices to develop yield model and to determine optimum cutting time in three cultivars of orchardgrass. 1. Number of tiller per plant was the highest at 3rd cutting stage. But, it was decreased rapidly at 4th cutting stage. Leaf Area Index (LAI) was the highest at 3rd cutting stage. LAI was increased slowly during 15 days to 20 days after cutting and thereafter increased rapidly. 2. In dry matter yield over cutting stages, 1st cutting and 3rd cutting stages were higher yield than others. Change of dry matter yield was similar to that of LAI in all cutting stages. 3. Leaf Elongation Rate (LER) and Specific Leaf Weight (SLW) were reached to maximum at 20 to 25 days and 25 to 30 days after cutting, respectively. 4. Dry matte yield was highly correlated with LAI (r-0.905)and with CGR (r-0.962) over three cultivars. Also, LAI was significantly with LER. The best-fit yield model was obtained in multiple regression equation which included both dependent variables of LAI and CGR. 5. Optimum cutting times which were determined by the relationships between D.M. yield and LAI, and between D.M. yield and CGR, were ranged from 32 days to 36 days depend on each cutting stages.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1991

This study was carried out to obtain the effects of soil environment and characteristics on the growth and yield of young rice seedling. Twenty four rice fields were selected among the labor saving mechanization complex, and the growth statu s and various soil characteristics were investigated The young rice seedling planted soils were located at the range of elevation 5m to 210m, and the average water holding days was 5.1 days, and drainage class were mainly moderately well to imperfectly. The plant height on 30th day after machine transplanting were higher and the tiller numbers were smaller at the higher clay contents at moderately well and imperfectly drained soils. In case of sandy loam soils, the better the drainage class, the higher plant and more tillers. Soil hardness was lower in sandy loam, and the bulk densities of loam, silty clay loam and poorly drained soils were lower than the other fields. There were not differences of soil chemical properties between the soil textural groups but organic matter content were higher in poorly drained soils. The rice yields of young seedling planted fields were negatively correlated to soil bulk density and highly significantly correlated to the exchangeable calcium contents of the soils. The average yield of young rice seedlings was 487kg/10a, 2.5% higher than semi-adult rice seedling of 475kg/10a.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2020

The development of GM crops has gained significant economic importance, and the number of countries cultivating commercial GM crops has continuously increased since the 1960s. Globally, the area given to cultivating GM soybean, maize, cotton, and canola alone had reached 114 million hectares by 2007. Although the economic importance of cultivating and commercializing GM crops has increased, there is still a need to assess their agricultural traits in comparison to non-GM produce. This study evaluated the agricultural traits of GM rice containing the drought-tolerant gene CaMsrB2 and standard rice to investigate any unintended effects of genetic engineering. The GM and non-GM rice were compared in terms of various agricultural traits in a drought greenhouse and an irrigated paddy field. There was no statistical difference in the field-grown crops, but there was a statistically significant difference in both tiller number and yield in the greenhouse. These results therefore suggest that GM rice lines containing the CaMsrB2 gene are superior in performance to non-GM rice in drought stress conditions and could be grown in drought-prone areas where drought intolerant rice may not be able to grow.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2006

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of some organic materials such as rice straw, compost, hairy vetch, phosphate rock, magnesium lime powder and ash in the organic paddy fields, and also to develope the new technique for better soil management using described materials. The results are as follows; Height and tiller of rice plants were higher in chemical fertilizer than rice straw or compost, however, those of rice plants in hairy vetch-rice cropping system reached to chemical fertilizer. The Eh value of soil has decreased consecutively since on 30th, May because of the rising of soil temperature by an increase in the activity of microbes. As a result of measuring yield and yield components, there is not significant difference between treatment. The application of organic materials enriched the contents of available phosphorus, exchangible potassium and calcium in soil, and, also improved the physical properties such as pore space rates and bulk density. From the viewpoint of soil management technology in organic paddy fields, the application of rice straw or organic compost might cause the decrease of yield compared with conventional cultivation system, chemical fertilizer, however, the application of hairy vetch residues of soil compensated for growth and yield as well as improved the physicochemical property. Therefore, it is assumed that the cultivation of hairy vetch for winter season can be one of the useful methods for organic farming system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2001

This survey was carried out to collect the basic informations for the improvement of cultivation in job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) by investigating the general facts, farming practices, growth characteristics, grain yield, and chemical properties of soil in Yonchon-gun farms. The age of farmers were over 51 and the cultivated area was small. Most farmers were self-laboring and produced seeds on their land. Sowing method was usually drilling by hand, 64% of farms had the density of 2000-3500 plant per 10 a, amount of fertilizer application was diverse and the number of pest control was a few. The averages of plant height, number of main culm node, culm diameter, tiller number of plant, thousand grain weight, and grain yield were 184 cm, 10, 10 mm, 14, 108 g, and 341 kg/10a, respectively. The averages of pH, organic matter, $P_2O_5$, K, and EC of soil after harvest were 5.8, 1.1 g/kg, 385 mg/kg, 0.48 cmol+/kg, and 0.21 dS/m, respectively. Grain yield and hardness were negatively correlated -0.7442 at the level of P=0.01.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2002

The heritability of sink-source characters was estimated by regression coefficient between F$_2$ and F$_{5}$ in two crosses of IR 66738-118-1-2/Gayabyeo and the Ilpumbyeo/YR 15965 Acp 33. In order to get the some basic information for breeding of high yielding rice, genetic resources of new plant type with low tiller and heavy panicle were used. Most of the sink and source characters in Ilpumbyeo/YR 15965 Acp 33 cross showed high heritability over than 0.224. But the specific leaf area and sink-source ratio displayed low heritability being 0.009 and 0.013, respectively. Heritability of all sink and source characters in IR 66738-118-1-2/Gayabyeo cross ranged from 0.115 to 0.247. Correlation coefficient between yield and yield components in both combination were in the ranged between 0.001 and 0.247. But correlations among the yield components were not significant. Correlations between the yield and sink-source characters in both combinations were also highly significant. Particularly, correlation between the grain tiling ratio and most of the sink-source characters in IR 66738-118-1-2/Gayabyeo cross were not significant. In Ilpumbyeo/YR 15965 Acp 33 cross, correlations between grain filling ratio and source characters were positively significant. but sink characters (sink capacity and sink-source ratio, etc) were negatively significant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.330-330
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• 2017

The tallest culm length was observed in Geonganghongmi cultivar grown in coast area, and culm length was always taller in coast area than that of inland area among these three red rice cultivars. However, number of tiller per rice plant was not affected by different cultural area. Number of spikelets per panicle was much more increased in inland area. Regional difference in number of spikelets per panicle was only observed in Jeongjinju cultivar. Among these red rice cultivars, the highest brown rice yield was Jeongjinju rice cultivar having 702kg in inland area and 692kg in coast area, respectively. The $L^*$ values, which expresses the brightness, were in the range of 36.3 ~ 36.7, 36.7 ~ 37.0, and 38.7 ~ 39.6 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. The $a^*$ values, which expresses the redness positively and greenness negatively were in the range of 12.3 ~ 12.8, 12.2 ~ 12.3, and 12.1 ~ 11.9 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. In addition, the b values, which expresses the yellowness positively and blueness negatively were in the range of 13.8 ~ 14.0, 13.6 ~ 13.5, and 14.9 ~ 14.7 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. Anthocyanidin content ranged 524 to $610{\mu}g/g$ dry weight basis. Cyanidin content was 11.4 to 14.0 times higher than that of delphinidin under coast and inland area. Among these rice cultivars, anthocyanidin content was always higher in rice cultivar grown at coast area. Highest head brown rice rate was only observed in Geonganghongmi to 95.2 at coast area and 95.4 inland area, respectively. Protein content was always higher in coast area than that of inland area. The lowest protein content was measured in Jeogjinju and amylose content was relatively increased in inland area compared to that of coast area. Consequently, in considered with brown rice yield and pigment content, Hongjinju rice cultivar was recommended in optimal pigment rice cultivar in eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.338-338
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• 2017

One of the problems in increasing rice production is getting lines or varieties that have high adaptability so that able to produce maximum production in a variety of environmental conditions. One strategy that can be done to get adaptive varieties is through the improvement of native varieties. This research was conducted in rain fed paddy field, Aceh province, Indonesia from June to September 2014. The texture of the soil was clay-loam with the soil pH ranged from 6.5-6.7. Five potential progenies of rice from crossing between native Indonesian rice with introduced rice varieties consist of C3, C4, S3, S5, S6 were used in this study. Besides that, one national rice variety Ciherang also used as a comparison. The plants were growth in the plot with the size of $2m{\times}1.4m$ with plant distance was $20cm{\times}20cm$. The fertilizers used in this study were Urea, NPK, and KCl. Randomized block design with 6 rice progenies/variety and 3 replications were used in this study. There were 18 experimental units and each experimental unit had 10 samples for the sources of data. The variables that were observed in this study including plant height at harvesting time, number of productive tiller, the percentage of empty grains and filled grain per panicle, weight of filled grains per hill, weight of filled grain per plot and yield potential per hectare. Analyzed were also conducted for the depth of root penetration, dry-root weight, dry-shoot weight, shoot-root weight ratio and its correlation with the weight of filled grain per hill. The research results show that there was significant difference on plant height at harvesting time, number of productive tillers, the percentage of empty grains and filled grain per panicle, weight of filled grains per hill, weight of filled grain per plot and yield potential per ha (p>0.01) among the treatments. In addition, depth root penetration, dry-root weight, dry-shoot weight, shoot-root weight ratio also had significant difference (p>0.01) among the treatment. The highest plant at harvesting time was found in S6, reaching 129.8 cm and the shortest plants was found in C3 reaching 107.5 cm. The largest number of productive tillers and the highest percentage of filled grains per panicle were found in Ciherang reaching 10.5 tillers and 80.7% respectively. Ciherang also had the heaviest weight of filled grains per hill and per plot reaching 21.1 g and 2.18 kg respectively. Whereas, S6 had the lowest number of tillers and the lowest percentage of filled grain per panicle.. The highest yield potential per ha was found in Ciherang reaching 7.79 tons. Among the progenies, S5 had the highest yield potential reaching 5 tons/Ha. The result also showed significant relationship between shoot-root weight ratio with weight of filled grains per hill. The highest value of shoot-root weight ratio (1.57) in Ciherang is thought had closed relationship with its yield potential.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2013

This study was conducted to establish the optimum LED light source and quality for growth of Wasabia japonica seedlings in the LED chamber plant factory system. The light treatments were combined with four colors LED (red, blue, white, far-red), irradiation time ratio of the red and blue LED per minute(1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1), and duty ratio of mixed light (100%, 99%, 97%). The growth response of W. japonica was the greatest in the R + B mixed light treatment, and seedlings grown in the red LED alone was higher than blue LED alone in the monochromic radiation treatments. In the R + B mixed LED, 1:1 ratio of R and B was the best for total biomass and tiller production. In mixed light treatments, the growth response of W. japonica was highest in the 100% duty ratio with R + B mixed light, while that was highest in the 97% duty ratio with R + B + W mixed light. Leaf area and dry weight were increased in the red light treatment alone, while specific leaf area was increased in the blue light alone. With the increasing red LED light ratio, leaf area and dry weight of W. japonica was significantly increased under the R + B mixed light treatment. In mixed light treatments, the leaf growth responses of W. japonica was highest in the 97% duty ratio with R+B mixed light, while that was highest in the 100% duty ratio with R + B + W mixed light. For cultivating W. japonica in a plant factory, treating red LED supplemented with a blue light or higher ratio of the red to blue LED was benefit to promote the growth of W. japonica.