• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.55-63
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to examine differences in donation behavior as surrogates of prosocial consumption behavior among three generation types. Further, it attempts to examine the moderator roles that affect donation behavior influenced by the difference in generations. Research design, data, and methodology - This study used the statistical ANOVA technique to examine generational difference. Surveys were structured differently by ages, as 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, and 70th to classify generations into each group. A survey to measure the psychological distance was performed to identify whether the respondents intended to donate to a domestic or overseas target. Results - First, subjective judgment of psychological distance has no effect on objective donation behavior. Second, though the result of the relationship with moral identity is not statistically significant, it provides evidence that a higher moral identity level possesses more donation behavior. Further, groups with higher symbolization tend to donate more than the others. This was especially evident among the young and baby boomer generation. Conclusion - This empirical study suggests that marketers need to differentiate the market segment of the baby-boomer generation with high purchasing power of prosocial consumption.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2020

The paper examines the characteristics and causes of the expectation gap of audit and assurance services. The paper has conducted three surveys with three target groups. In the first survey, participants are auditors, users of audit reports are subject in the second survey and in the third survey, and students major in auditing are selected. The content of the survey aims to find out the differences in perception of the survey participants on two issues: (i) responsibilities of auditors for detection frauds, errors, protection of the enterprise's assets and financial scandals, and (ii) the role of audit and auditors in making investment decisions and investor's belief. The research carried out survey from March to September 2019 with 165 responds. The collected data was processed by statistical software SPSS, version 23, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the results of the audit expectation gap between the auditor group and the users of audit report group and between the student group and users of audit report group. The results showed that there exists an expectation gap in the responsibility of auditors for detection of all frauds, errors and protection enterprise's assets. Recommendations include strengthening audit standards, penalizing bad practices and ensuring auditor's independence.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1212-1220
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• 2013

The human coagulation factor XI (FXI) is a serine protease that plays a significant role in blocking of the blood coagulation cascade as an attractive antithrombotic target. Selective inhibition of FXIa (an activated form of factor XI) disrupts the intrinsic coagulation pathway without affecting the extrinsic pathway or other coagulation factors such as FXa, FIIa, FVIIa. Furthermore, targeting the FXIa might significantly reduce the bleeding side effects and improve the safety index. This paper reports on a docking-based three dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study of the potent FXIa inhibitors, the chloro-phenyl tetrazole scaffold series, using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA) methods. Due to the characterization of FXIa binding site, we classified the alignment of the known FXIa inhibitors into two groups according to the docked pose: S1-S2-S4 and S1-S1'-S2'. Consequently, highly predictive 3D-QSAR models of our result will provide insight for designing new potent FXIa inhibitors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1273-1283
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• 2015

In present study, the temporal characteristics of nine selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including four alcohol, 2 aldehyde, and 3 ketone compounds, in high-stories urban apartments over a 2-y period were investigated. The indoor VOC concentrations had generally a decreasing trend over the 2-y follow-up period. For examples, the 2E1H indoor concentration decreased from $10.8{\mu}g/m^3$ for the first two months to $5.1{\mu}g/m^3$ for the last two months. In addition, the DCA and ACT indoor concentrations decreased from 5.0 and $14{\mu}g/m^3$ for the first two months to 2.2 and $6.4{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, for the last two months. The indoor-to outdoor concentration ratios over the 2-y period were much greater than 1, indicating that indoor VOC concentrations were higher than the outdoor VOC concentrations. Similar to those of the individual VOCs, the indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios of all three VOC groups were higher than 1 over the 2-y follow-up period, suggesting higher indoor concentrations of the three VOC groups than outdoor concentrations. In consistence with the results of VOC indoor concentrations, the VOC emission rates decreased gradually as time passed, due to the decreased VOC emission strengths of indoor sources. Finally, there was an initial sharp decrease in the indoor VOC concentrations followed by a slower decrease, indicating a multi-exponential decay model for the target VOCs, which was demonstrated by comparison of the residuals and the adjusted coefficient of determination associated with the one and two-exponential fits of each data set.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.915-923
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• 2014

This study investigated organic coffee choice motives from a coffee shop market segmentation perspective in order to understand the potential importance they may have upon attitudes and behavioral intentions to buy organic coffee. A factor-cluster segmentation approach was used for this study. An exploratory factor analysis identified five organic coffee choice motives: 'Sensory', 'Environment', 'Trust', 'Health' and 'Price'. Based upon these five choice motives, cluster analyses classified all respondents into three homogeneous subgroups: 'Highly motivated', 'Moderately motivated' and 'Unmotivated'. Analysis of variance tests indicated that attitudes and intentions to purchase organic coffee were significantly different among the three clusters. In particular, two cluster groups representing 'Highly motivated' and 'Moderately motivated' were found to offer the most utility for further organic coffee market segmentation research. Especially, due to perceptions about high price premium of organic coffee, the 'Moderately motivated' group had higher positive attitudes, although, their intentions to buy organic coffee were not higher than those of the 'Unmotivated' cluster. Findings support previous research propositions that high price could be the strongest barrier for people to purchase organic products including the organic coffee business context. This will assist to market and promote pricing strategies for caf$\acute{e}$s and restaurants to optimize organic coffee sales revenue. Implications for all cluster groups regarding unique socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral intentions are discussed. Organic coffee marketers can apply these findings towards the development of effective target market strategies.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was to investigate the types of imaging modalities, analytical methods for age estimation, and the age of the subjects in research on age estimation using dental radiography through a scoping review, and to investigate the overall trends in age estimation studies. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was designed according to the Arksey and O'Malley guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Three electronic databases were used as search sources (Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library). Studies were classified according to the three main components of the research question. "What are the imaging modalities, analytical methods, and target age in dental imaging-based age estimation studies?" Result: The final 198 studies were selected by two reviewers. The most common imaging modality used in studies was panoramic radiography (69.7%), and studies using cone-beam computed tomography have increased over time. Analytical methods for age estimation were 62.6% in studies based on tooth development and 26.3% in studies using pulp/tooth ratio. The subject age was 27.8% for children and 27.3% for adults. Studies conducted in all age groups comprised the smallest category (5.2%). Conclusion: Panoramic radiography has been the most used types of imaging modalities for age estimation, and the most common analytical method was analysis of tooth development. Most studies targeted specific ages, and very few involved all age groups. Dental age estimation studies should be carried out with appropriate consideration of the imaging modality that is analyzed, the methods that are used, and the age that is targeted.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 1999

Objective: Heat shock protein 70-2 (Hsp70-2) gene knockout mice are found to have premeiotic arrest at the primary spermatocyte stage with a complete absence of spermatids and spermatozoa. This observation led to the hypothesis that hspA2 may be disrupted in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we studied the mRNA expression of hspA2 in infertile men with azoospermia. Design: The mRNA expression were analyzed by competitive RT-PCR among testes with normal spermatogenesis, pachytene spermatocyte arrest, and sertoli-cell only syndrome. Materials and methods: Testicular biopsy was performed in men with azoospermia (n=15). Specimens were subdivided into three groups: (group 1) normal spermatogenesis (n=5), (group 2) spermatocyte arrest (n=5), (group 3) Sertoli-cell only syndrome (n=5). Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent. Total extracted RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified by PCR using specific primers for hspA2 target cDNAs. A competitive cDNA fragment was constructed by deleting a defined fragment from the target cDNA sequence, and then coamplified with the target cDNA for competitive PCR. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an internal control. Results: On Competitive RT-PCR analyses for hspA2 mRNA, significant amount of hspA2 expression was observed in group 1, whereas a constitutively low level of hspA2 was expressed in groups 2 and 3. Conclusion(s): The study demonstrates that the hspA2 gene expression is down-regulated in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis, which in turn suggests that hspA2 gene may play a specific role during meiosis in human testes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 2018

Objectives: Immunization is considered one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions protecting communities from preventable infectious diseases. The Korean government set up a dedicated workforce for national immunization in 2003, and since then has made strides in improving vaccination coverage across the nation. However, some groups remain relatively vulnerable and require intervention, and it is necessary to address unmet needs to prevent outbreaks of communicable diseases. This study was conducted to characterize persistent challenges to vaccination. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative method in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Three focus group interviews were conducted with 15 professionals in charge of vaccination-related duties. The interviews were conducted according to a semi-structured guideline, and thematic analysis was carried out. Data saturation was confirmed when the researchers agreed that no more new codes could be found. Results: A total of 4 main topics and 11 subtopics were introduced regarding barriers to vaccination. The main topics were vaccine hesitancy, personal circumstances, lack of information, and misclassification. Among them, vaccine hesitancy was confirmed to be the most significant factor impeding vaccination. It was also found that the factors hindering vaccination had changed over time and disproportionately affected certain groups. Conclusions: The study identified ongoing unmet needs and barriers to vaccination despite the accomplishments of the National Immunization Program. The results have implications for establishing tailored interventions that target context- and group-specific barriers to improve timely and complete vaccination coverage.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.134-148
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• 2016

In this study, we determined the characteristics and importance of market maven to today's fashion retailers. Market maven is defined as an individual who is highly involved in the marketplace and takes a role as an information diffuser. In order to identify market maven, a total of 415 data were collected from 30-40 consumers who purchased fashion items from the various types of retailers. The data were divided into three groups based on the average score of summated market maven's scale, and the high group was referred to as "market mavens." Results suggested that the market mavens existed in the fashion retailing market and presented the differences from the other two groups. The market maven group spent more and purchased more fashion items than the other groups. With respect to shopping behavior, the market maven group was more likely to browse and bargain hunt when shopping, and showed higher mean scores on impulse buying and overall satisfaction. In addition, market maven tended to purchase fashion items from different types of retailers including online channel. Accordingly, market mavens seemed to present common characteristics with heavy browser, recreational shopper, and/or multi-channel shopper. Market mavens showed shopping enjoyment characteristics when searching for market-related information from various retailers, hence this segment should be the essential target market in the multi-channel retailing environment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.517-526
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• 2020

This study aimed to understand the effects on preventive behavior intention to particulate matter by risk perception attitude and anxiety. Also, to expand applicable target and range of RPA model, add anxiety. To measure main variables of RPA model, did a survey with 570 college students. With a data, analyzed by correlation, one-way ANOVA and three-way ANOVA. As a result, perceived risk and efficacy effect on intention to preventive action and information seeking. And an anxiety factor effects on intention to preventive action and information seeking also. And distinguished 4 groups of RPA model, there were meaningful differences between intention to preventive action and information seeking by groups, and a factor of anxiety effects certain groups. As a result, it can suggest how to plan and enforce message on preventive campaign of particulate matter. In follow research, with social psychological factors, it will helpful to identify health activities about particulate matters.