• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

The RI gasoline engine haying a sub-chamber had a high cycle variation due to the difficulty of the residual gas scavenge in the sub-chamber. To solve this problem and improve the combustion performance of RI engine, we devised a method to inject directly CNG fuel into the sub-chamber. A DI diesel engine of single cylinder was converted into a RI-CNG engine and an electronic control unit for the engine was manufactured. In this study, the combustion characteristics of the RI-CNG engine were investigated with the injection timings and air excess ratios at the load conditions of 50% throttle open rate and 1700rpm. As the results from this study, the RI-CNG engine worked reliably under the condition of the ignitable lean limit of $\lambda=1.7$ by showing the $COV_{imep}$ below about 5%. And the highest thermal efficiency could be obtained in the injection timing that produced the high imep and the low $COV_{imep}$ at the same time. The CO emission concentration indicated very low values and the THC and $NO_x$ showed an opposite pattern. With a view to improving the thermal efficiency and reducing the harmful emissions, the proper control region of the ignition timing and the mixture ratio were nearly ATDC $20^{\circ}\sim50^{\circ}$ and $\lambda=1.4$ respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.174-184
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• 1993

This is to investigate the methodology for the simultaneous determination of Wk, mk and TSNA using gas chromatography(GC) in combination with chemiluminescence detector, thermal energy analyzer(TEA) . The simultaneous analysis has been estimated by evaluating tobacco. The TEA was linked to GC equipped with non -polar SPB -5 fused silica capillary column which was introduced into the ceramic pyrolysis tube by the point of 16cm from the end of TEA. Quantification was carried out by internal standardization with WDPA after calibration of retention times and response factors with authentic nitrosoamines. It was demonstrated that WDPA was most preferable as internal standard for the simultaneous analysis. The recoveries of the internal standard were in the range of 83∼96% . Nitrosoamines in this method were detected with determination limit of 0.1ng and was made by a straight line in calibration curve by TEA response. The suitability of nitrosoamines extraction in tobacco leaf was investigated. It was most suitable to extract nitrosoamines from tobacco leaves with 0.01 M NaOH within a period of 8 hours. Thimerosal as an antibacterial agent was added to NaOH solution to prevent artifactual formation. The fractionation and the purification of nitrosoamines form alkaline extracts were conveniently performed using Extrelut multilayer column and dichloromethane. Reproducible and reliable results were obtained for the determination of nitrosamines in a relatively short time compared to previous known method. TSNA contents in burley were about 4 times higher as those in the fluecured tobacco.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1470-1474
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• 2009

Thermal and photochemistry of methyl iodide ($CH_3I)\;adsorbed\;on\;D_2O$ ice film on Cu(111) at 100 K were studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. On the basis of TPD, multilayer and monolayer $CH_3I$ molecules desorb from $D_2O$ ice layer at 120 and 130 K, respectively. Photo-irradiation at 100 K exhibits dramatic changes in the TPD and I $3d_{5/2}\;XPS\;of\;CH_3I$ on ice film, due to a dramatic dissociation of $CH_3I$. The dissociation is likely activated by solvated electrons transferred from the metal substrate during photo-irradiation. No other photo-initiated reaction products were found within our instrumental detection limit. During photo-irradiation, the $CH_3I$, $CH_3$ and I could be trapped (or solvated) in ice film by rearrangement (and self-diffusion) of water molecules. A newly appeared parent molecular desorption peak at 145 K is attributed to trapped $CH_3I$. In addition, the $CH_3$ and I may diffuse through ice and chemisorb on Cu(111), indicated by TPD and I $d_{5/2}$ XPS taken with photo-irradiation time, respectively. No molecular ejection was found during photo-irradiation at 100 K. The work functions for $CH_3I/Cu(111),\;D_2O/Cu(111)\;and\;CH_3I/D_2$O/Cu(111) were all measured to be about 3.9 eV, 1.0 eV downward shift from that of clean Cu(111).

• Plant Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.34-39
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• 2012

This study presents how low quality coal combustion affects the desulfurizer draft system by correlating of draft loss in a coal-fired thermal power plant and predicts the stall occurrence time of a booster fan. In case of low quality coal, a lot of coal is needed to generate equivalent output power, thereby the rating of increasing draft loss was faster than designed amount of coal. We surely confirmed that draft loss affects the specific energy of a booster fan strongly. On this basis, it is possible to predict the occurring time of stall for a booster fan from current operation specific energy to stall limit specific energy. This study suggests increasing speed of draft loss in each caloric value and the impact of specific energy at a booster fan, it expects to help safe operating in a thermal power plant.

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.44-52
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• 1991

The benefits of thermal stratification in sensible heat storage systems has been considered and studying by several investigators. In this paper, the basic data which is hard to obtain normally through the experiment were obtainable through the computer simulation. The major objectives of the study were to assess the benefits of stratified storage in residential solar water heating application and to suggest the optimum design parameters. From the computer simulation, following results were obtained. 1. The solar load fraction increases with increasing the number of tank segments. In these simulation, the magnitude of the improvement was about 10%. 2. The solar load fraction increases when the ratio of diameter to height of the tank(H/D) increases to 3, but H/D exceed 3 then, the solar load fraction decreases. In these simulation, the magnitude of the improvement was about 3%. 3. Increasing the collector flow rate slightly improved the performance of the mixed storage system(Node=1). But, for the stratified storage system(Node=N), the solar load fraction increases with decreasing flow rate until the point is reached at which the collector outlet temperature reaches the boiloff limit of $100^{\circ}C$ over some portion of the simulation period.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.647-651
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• 2006

A new class of compounds in the form of skutterudite structure, Fe doped $CoSb_3$ with a nominal composition of $Fe_xCo_{4-x}Sb_{12}$ ($0{\leq}x{\leq}2.5$), were synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders followed by vacuum hot pressing. Nanostructured, single-phase skutterudites were successfully produced by vacuum hot pressing using as-milled powders without subsequent heat-treatments for the compositions of $x{\leq}1.5$. However, second phase was found to form in case of $x{\geq}2$, suggesting the solubility limit of Fe with Co in this system. Thermoelectric properties including thermal conductivity from 300 to 600 K were measured and discussed. Lattice thermal conductivity was greatly reduced by introducing a dopant up to x=1.5 as well as by increasing phonon scattering in nanostructured skutterudite, leading to enhancement in the thermoelectric figure of merit. The maximum figure of merit was found to be 0.32 at 600 K in the composition of $Fe_xCo_{4-x}Sb_{12}$.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2023

The global energy storage markets have gravitated to high-energy-density and low cost of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as the predominant system for energy storage such as electric vehicles (EVs). High-Ni layered oxides are considered promising next-generation cathode materials for LIBs owing to their significant advantages in terms of high energy density. However, the practical application of high-Ni cathodes remains challenging, because of their structural and surface instability. Although extensive studies have been conducted to mitigate these inherent instabilities, a two-step process involving the synthesis of the cathode and a dry/wet coating is essential. This study evaluates a one-step β-Li₂SnO₃ layer coating on the surface of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ (NC82) via the thermal segregation of Sn owing to the solubility limit with respect to the synthesis temperature. The doping, segregation, and phase transition of Sn were systematically revealed by structural analyses. Moreover, surface-engineered 5 mol% Sn-coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ (NC82_Sn5%) exhibited superior capacity retention compared to bare NC82 owing to the stable surface coating layer. Thus, the developed one-step coating method is suitable for improving the properties of high-Ni layered oxide cathode materials for application in LIBs.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.257-264
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• 2023

To develop a high capacity lithium secondary battery, a new approach to anode material synthesis is required, capable of producing an anode that exceeds the energy density limit of a carbon-based anode. This research synthesized carbon nano silicon composites as an anode material for a secondary battery using the RF thermal plasma method, which is an ecofriendly dry synthesis method. Prior to material synthesis, a silicon raw material was mixed at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt% based on the carbon raw material in a powder form, and the temperature change inside the reaction field depending on the applied plasma power was calculated. Information about the materials in the synthesized carbon nano silicon composites were confirmed through XRD analysis, showing carbon (86.7~52.6 %), silicon (7.2~36.2 %), and silicon carbide (6.1~11.2 %). Through FE-SEM analysis, it was confirmed that the silicon bonded to carbon was distributed at sizes of 100 nm or less. The bonding shape of the silicon nano particles bonded to carbon was observed through TEM analysis. The initial electrochemical charging/discharging test for the 40 wt% silicon mixture showed excellent electrical characteristics of 1,517 mAh/g (91.9 %) and an irreversible capacity of 133 mAh/g (8.1 %).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1170-1178
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• 2023

Food allergy represents a severe problem for many societies, including sensitive populations, academies, health authorities, and the food industry. Peanut allergy occupies a special place in the food allergy spectrum. To prevent consumption by consumers suffering from a peanut allergy, a rapid and sensitive detection method is essential to identify unintended peanut adulteration in processed foods. In this study, we produced four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; RO 3A1-12, PB 4C12-10, PB 5F9-23, and PB 6G4-30) specific to thermo-stable and soluble proteins (TSSPs) of peanut and developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the MAbs. Among them, PB 5F9-23 MAb was firmly bound to Ara h 1, and other MAbs strongly reacted to Ara h 3 in the Western blot analysis. An antibody cocktail solution of the MAbs was used to enhance the sensitivity of an indirect ELISA, and the limit of detection of the indirect ELISA based on the antibody cocktail solution was 1 ng/ml and improved compared to the indirect ELISA based on the single MAb (11 ng/ml). The cross-reaction analysis revealed the high specificity of developed MAbs to peanut TSSPs without cross-reaction to other food allergens, including nuts. Subsequently, analyzing processed foods by indirect ELISA, all foods labeled as containing peanuts in the product description were confirmed to be positive. The results indicate that the developed antibodies exhibit high specificity and sensitivity to peanuts and can be used as bio-receptors in immunoassays or biosensors to detect intentional or unintentional adulteration of peanuts in processed foods, particularly heat-processed foods.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2017

Background: Workers laboring in steel industries in tropical settings with high ambient temperatures are subjected to thermally stressful environments that can create well-known risks of heat-related illnesses and limit workers' productivity. Methods: A cross-sectional study undertaken in a steel industry in a city nicknamed "Steel City" in Southern India assessed thermal stress by wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and level of dehydration from urine color and urine specific gravity. A structured questionnaire captured self-reported heat-related health symptoms of workers. Results: Some 90% WBGT measurements were higher than recommended threshold limit values ($27.2-41.7^{\circ}C$) for heavy and moderate workloads and radiational heat from processes were very high in blooming-mill/coke-oven ($67.6^{\circ}C$ globe temperature). Widespread heat-related health concerns were prevalent among workers, including excessive sweating, fatigue, and tiredness reported by 50% workers. Productivity loss was significantly reported high in workers with direct heat exposures compared to those with indirect heat exposures ($x^2=26.1258$, degrees of freedom = 1, p < 0.001). Change in urine color was 7.4 times higher among workers exposed to WBGTs above threshold limit values (TLVs). Conclusion: Preliminary evidence shows that high heat exposures and heavy workload adversely affect the workers' health and reduce their work capacities. Health and productivity risks in developing tropical country work settings can be further aggravated by the predicted temperature rise due to climate change, without appropriate interventions. Apart from industries enhancing welfare facilities and designing control interventions, further physiological studies with a seasonal approach and interventional studies are needed to strengthen evidence for developing comprehensive policies to protect workers employed in high heat industries.