• 청정기술
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2016

회전식 소각공정은 고에너지 물질의 폐기처리를 위해 현재 상용화 되고 있는 기술로 열풍을 이용하여 대상물질을 열분해하는 공정이며 TNT, RDX 및 Composition B를 통한 열분해 공정의 사전연구가 진행되었다. 본 연구의 대상물질은 나이트로셀룰로스(nitrocellulose, NC)와 나이트로글리세린(nitroglycerine, NG)의 혼합물인 더블베이스 추진제(M8)로 선정하였다. M8 추진제의 열분해 반응은 응축상 반응(condensed phase reaction, CPR)과 기체상 반응(gas phase reactions, GPRs)로 구성되어 있다. CPR의 경우 흡열반응으로 4가지 화합물을 생성하며, GPRs의 경우 59개의 가스화합물 및 365개의 흡열·발열 반응으로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구는 gPROMS 소프트웨어를 이용하여 관형반응기의 수학적 모델링을 완성하였으며, 운전온도 및 유속 변화에 따른 케이스스터디를 진행하였다. 상대적으로 낮은 유속 및 높은 공정온도는 반응기의 내부온도(Case3: 953 K, Case6: 1300 K)를 상승 시켰으며, CO₂와 H₂O 몰농도 값 상승을 통해 완전연소율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 내열형 소각로 설계, 운전조건을 도출하는데 있어 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.657-666
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• 1995

Cu(hfac)$_2$,(Cu(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate)를 프리커서로 하는 구리 화학증착에 대해 자유에너지 최소화법으로 열역학적 평형조성 계산을 수행하였다. Cu(hfac)$_2$-Ar계의 경우Cu(hfac)$_2$ 프리커서 자체의 열분해로부터 모든 공정조건에서 증착박막내로의 탄소 출입이 관찰되었다. Cu(hfac)$_2$-H$_2$,계에서는 Cu(hfac)$_2$-Ar계보다 낮은 온도에서 구리박막이 증착되며, H$_2$입력비 및 반응온도의 증가에 따라 응축상의 석출형태는 C(s)+CuF(s)로부터 C(s)+CuF(s)+Cu(s), C(s)+Cu(s), Cu(s), C(s)의 순으로 변화되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1990

An analytical method for particulate carbon and other elements by using elemental analyzer was investigated. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was determined as CO$_{2}$, H$_{2}$, and N$_{2}$, respectively. Organic was determined after scparation from elemental carbon(Cae) by volatilization and thermal decomposition in a heated helium flow. With organic materials examined in this reprot, more than 90% of carbon was detected as above 600$^{\circ}$C. But it is considered that a few percents of some compounds were charred above 550$^{\circ}$C. A small amount of Cae was oxidized in the inert atmosphere above 850$^{\circ}$C, but the reason was not explained clearly. Based on the thermal chracteristics of Cao it was found that the optimum temperature of heating in the helium flow of an elemental analyzer for Cao analysis is 630$^{\circ}$C. Carbon in a sample after removing Cao was assumed as Cae and the gramatom ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the sample was 0.4 and less. Rescovery of nitrogen derived from some ammonium salts and nitrates was 100% by two-step measurement with elemental analyzer. By the analytical method investigated in this report, carbon and other elements in suspended particulates(S.P) collected at an urban area in Seoul were measured. There was a good correlation between total nitrogen in SP measured by elemental analyzer and nitrogen estimated form ammonium ions and nitrate ions in SP. The nitrogen from these ions accounts for 80% of the total nitrogen. It is further suggested that the residue(20%) of the total nitrogen is attributed to the other nitrogeneous compounds.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2007

High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating of nano size WC-Co powder (nWC-Co) has been studied as one of the most promising candidate for the possible replacement of the traditional hard plating in some area which causes environmental and health problems. nWC-Co powder was coated on Inconel 718 substrates by HVOF technique. The optimal coating process obtained from the best surface properties such as hardness and porosity is the process of oxygen flow rate (FR) 38 FMR, hydrogen FR 57 FMR and feed rate 35 g/min at spray distance 6 inch for both surface temperature $25^{\circ}C\;and\;500^{\circ}C$. In coating process a small portion of hard WC decomposes to less hard $W_2C$, W and C at the temperature higher than its decomposition temperature $1,250^{\circ}C$ resulting in hardness decrease and porosity increase. Friction coefficient increases with increasing coating surface temperature from 0.55-0.64 at $25^{\circ}C$ to 0.65-0.76 at $500^{\circ}C$ due to the increase of adhesion between coating and counter sliding surface. Hardness of nWC-Co is higher or comparable to those of other hard coatings, such as $Al_2O_3,\;Cr,\;Cr_2O_3$ and HVOF Tribaloy 400 (T400). This shows that nWC-Co is recommendable for durability improvement coating on machine components such as high speed spindle.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2001

Photopolymerization, the utilization of electromagnetic radiation(or light) as the energy source for polymerization of functional monomers, oligomers is the basis of important commercial processes with broad applicability, including photoimaging and RV curing of coatings and inks. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of environmental fraternitive photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA). This work is the first step to continue further research about alkyl methacrylate. The experiment was done in aqueous solution under the influence of photo-initiator concentration(0.05-0.25mol/l), light intensity (5000-9000 ${\mu}J/cm^2$) and monomer concentration(2-6mol/l). Methyl methacrylate was polymerized to high conversion ratio using hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) and the kinetics model we have obtained is as follows. $R_p=k_p[S]^{0.41}[M]^{0.62}[L]^{2.45} exp(53.64/RT$). The differential method of thermogravimetric analysis(Friedman method) was used to obtain value of activation energy on decomposition reaction. The average value of it res 45.4Kca1/mol.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2002

This study is the series of photopolymerization on alkyl methacrylate(AMA) to continue further research. The objective of this work is to investigate the environmental fraternitive characteristics of photopolymerization kinetics on n-Buthyl methacrylate(BMA) and comparing the decomposition behavior to other AMA. The experiment was done in aqueous solution under the influence of photo-initiator concentration$(0.05{\sim}0.25mol/l)$, light intensity$(5000{\sim}9000{\mu}J/cm^{2})$ and monomer concentration$(2.0{\sim}6.0mol/l)$. n-BMA was polymerized to high conversion ratio using hydrogen $peroxide(H_{2}O_{2})$, and the kinetics model we have obtained is as follows. $R_{p}=K_{p}[S]^{0.24}[M]^{0.33}[L]^{153}exp^{(27.19/RT)}$ The differential method of thermogravimetric analysis(Friedman method) was used to obtain value of activation energy on decomposition reaction. The average value of it was 27.5Kcal/mol.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

Although concrete is a noncombustible material, high temperatures such as those experienced during a fire have a negative effect on the mechanical properties. This paper studies the effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of limestone, quartzite and granite concrete. Samples from three different concrete mixes with limestone, quartzite and granite coarse aggregates were prepared. The test samples were subjected to temperatures ranging from 25 to $650^{\circ}C$ for a duration of 2 h. Mechanical properties of concrete including the compressive and tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain in compression were obtained. Effects of temperature on resistance to degradation, thermal expansion and phase compositions of the aggregates were investigated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of concrete are largely affected from elevated temperatures and the type of coarse aggregate used. The compressive and split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity decreased with increasing temperature, while the ultimate strain in compression increased. Concrete made of granite coarse aggregate showed higher mechanical properties at all temperatures, followed by quartzite and limestone concretes. In addition to decomposition of cement paste, the imparity in thermal expansion behavior between cement paste and aggregates, and degradation and phase decomposition (and/or transition) of aggregates under high temperature were considered as main factors impacting the mechanical properties of concrete. The novelty of this research stems from the fact that three different aggregate types are comparatively evaluated, mechanisms are systemically analyzed, and empirical relationships are established to predict the residual compressive and tensile strength, elastic modulus, and ultimate compressive strain for concretes subjected to high temperatures.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1994

ZnO-$Fe_2O_3$ 복합금속 산화물 흡착제가 황화수소 제거능이나 황화된 흡착제의 산화적 재생반응에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. Zinc ferrite 흡착제가 가장 높은 황화수소 제거능을 나타내었고 혼합한 $Fe_2O_3$ 흡착제는 황화반응 도중 H$_2$S의 생성을 촉진시킴을 알 수 있었다. 또한 황화반응의 결과로 생성되는 금속황화물들이 H$_2$S 열분해의 촉매로 작용하였으며 H$_2$는 $Fe_2O_3$의 함량이 증가할수록 더 많이 발생하였다. 산화적 재생반응의 결과로부터 ZnS를 제외하고 $Fe_2O_3$를 혼합한 흡착제는 모두 잘 재생됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 산화적 재생반응 도중 생성될 수 있다고 보고된 zinc sulfate는 생성되지 않았다. 그리고 SO$_2$ 발생 곡선의 형태나 완전재생에 소요되는 시간을 기준으로 판단해 볼 때 $Fe_2O_3$의 혼합량의 변화는 산화적 재생반응에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.269-273
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• 1999

일반적으로 LPCVD 방법에 의한 다결정 실리콘 박막은 $SiH_4$가스를 열분해하여 증착한다. 본 실험에서는 다결정 실리콘 박막속에 포함된 산소농도를 낮추기 위하여 실리콘 웨이퍼를 반응로 안으로 장착할 때, 20slm의 $N_2$가스를 반응로의 위에서부터 아래로 flow하였으며 박막의 산소농도를 측정하기 위하여 두께가 $1000\AA$인 박막을 증착한 다음 SIMS로 분석한 결과 반응로의 hatch에 있는 짧은 injector를 통하여 20slm의 $N_2$가스를 flow한 경우보다 박막의 산소농도가 ~30배 정도 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 긴 injector를 사용하여 증착된 박막의 두께 균일도, particle 및 Rs를 측정하여 박막증착의 재현성이 있음을 평가하였다.