• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1994

From 1982 to 1991, sixteen Patients with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system(CNS) were seen at Kyung Hee University Hospital. The most common subtypes were large, noncleaved cell lymphoma and immunoblastic lymphoma of B cells. Lesions most commonly involved were the parietal lobes and/or deep nuclei. Positive cerebrospinal fluid cytology was rare at initial presentation. Sixteen patients were treated with surgical biopsy or resection followed by whole brain radiotherapy at a median dose of 40 Gy(range=30-50 Gy) with variable boost doses. Of 16 patients who underwent surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, fourteen patients died between 2 and 49 months following treatment, and two are alive with no evidence of disease at 8 and 22 months. The 1-and 2-year survival rates were 55.6$ \% $ and 34.7$ \% $, respectively with 12 months of median survival. Patterns of failure were analyzed in eleven patients of total 16 patients. Failure at the original site of involvement was uncommon after radiotherapy treatment. In contrast, failure in the brain at sites other than those originally invovled was common in spite of the use of whole brain irradiation. Failure occurred in the brain 11/16(68.7$ \% $), in spinal axis 4/16(25.0$ \% $). The age, sex, location of involvement within CNS, numbers of lesion, or radiation dose did not influence on survival. The authors conclude that Primary CNS lymphoma is a locally aggressive disease that is poorly controlled with conventional radiation therapy. The limitation of current therapy for this disease are discussed, and certain promising modality should be made in regarding the management of future patients with this disease.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.109-124
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• 2010

Objectives: This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) extract on $A{\beta}$-induced AD model. Methods: The effects of the InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) extract on neural damages of cultured PC12 cells induced by $A{\beta}$ were investigated. The effects of the InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) extract on neural damages of hippocampal and cortical neurons in the mouse induced by $\beta$-amyloid were investigated. Results: 1. $A{\beta}$ treatment into neuronal cells activated cell death pathway when analyzed by MTT assay and by histological analysis. Then InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) treatment improved cell survival to a similar level as in normal group. 2. $A{\beta}$ treatment increased caspase 3 protein levels but decreased phospho-Erk1/2 in neuronal cells. InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) treatment reversed the production levels of two proteins close to those in normal group. 3. $A{\beta}$ treatment induced the atrophy of neuronal cells in terms of neuronal processes and cell body shrinkage, but InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) greatly improved their morphology. 4. Neuroprotective activity, as observed in InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang)-treated groups, was similarly observed in cells treated with galantamine which was used as a positive control. Moreover, overall recovery pattern by InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) was similar between cultured PC12 cells and in vivo hippocampal and cerebral cortical neurons in the mouse brain. Conclusions: This experiment shows that the InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) may play a protective role in neural tissues damaged by cytotoxic substances. Since neuronal damage seen in degenerative brains such as AD are largely unknown, the current data may provide possible insight into therapeutic strategies for AD treatments. InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) might be effective for the treatment of AD. Investigation into the clinical use of the InSamYangYoung-tang(Renshenyangrongtang) for AD is suggested for future research.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2013

Objective : This case study examined the evaluation of occupational therapy and plan to intervention of community asperger syndrome child receiving coping model. Methods : We selected child which 7-year-old boy. Evaluation periods were 2weeks which consisted of external factors and internal factors. External factors were made up interaction of subject, environments and participation of school and community. Internal factors were made up observation and structured evaluation about development state and medical conditions. Also it included observation of appropriate mood and emotions. Results : After evaluation receiving coping model, we planed to intervention. First, subject able to use his time effectively. Second, we'll have intervention program about delayed fine motor areas. Third, we'll educate self-control skills and coping skills of subject's action which not controlled himself. Fourth, we'll find the personal and physical sources to care subject. Conclusion : Our research has planed occupational therapy intervention receiving coping model of asperger syndrome subject. Future research need to practical applications.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.36-47
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• 2013

Objective : To identify the effect of bilateral arm training for activities of daily living(ADL) of the chronic phase after stroke. Methods : 20 patients with stroke, randomized to an experimental group(n=10) and a control group(n=10). Both groups received the usual occupational therapy. In addition, an experimental group received an bilateral arm training, 30-min sessions per a day for 6 weeks. The Functional Independence Measure(FIM) was used to evaluate ADL for both groups. Results : First, there is a significant difference before and after receiving the bilateral arm training(p <.05). Second, there are significant differences in all ADL areas of Self-care, Transfer, Social cognition after bilateral arm training(p<.05). Third, there are significant differences in all sub-areas of Self-care, only stairs of Locomotion, and only Problem solving of Social cognition by comparing sub-areas as bilateral arm activity(before and after) and occupational therapy intervention(before and after). Conclusion : Using bilateral arm training for the chronic phase after stroke improved their abilities of ADL. Therefore, there are an expectation to use bilateral activity training for the chronic after stroke clinically and a need of further study about bilateral arm training related to ADL in the future.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2016

As a degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA) constitutes a major cause of disability that seriously affects the quality of life of a large population of people worldwide. However, effective treatment that can successfully reverse OA progression is lacking until now. The present study aimed to determine whether two small non-coding RNAs miR-29a and miR-140, which are significantly down-regulated in OA, can be applied together as potential therapeutic targets for OA treatment. MiRNA synergy score was used to screen the miRNA pairs that potentially synergistically regulate OA. An in vitro model of OA was established by treating murine chondrocytes with IL-$1{\beta}$. Transfection of miR-29a and miR-140 via plasmids was investigated on chondrocyte proliferation and expression of nine genes such as ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, ACAN, COL2A1, COL10A1, MMP1, MMP3, MMP13 and TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1). Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression level of MMP13 and TIMP1, and ELISA was used to detect the content of type II collagen. Combined use of miR-29a and miR-140 successfully reversed the destructive effect of IL-$1{\beta}$ on chondrocyte proliferation, and notably affected the MMP13 and TIMP1 gene expression that regulates extracellular matrix. Although co-transfection of miR-29a and miR-140 did not show a synergistic effect on MMP13 protein expression and type II collagen release, but both of them can significantly suppress the protein abundance of MMP13 and restore the type II collagen release in IL-$1{\beta}$ treated chondrocytes. Compared with single miRNA transfection, cotransfection of both miRNAs exceedingly abrogated the suppressed the protein production of TIMP1 caused by IL-$1{\beta}$, thereby suggesting potent synergistic action. These results provided1novel insights into the important function of miRNAs' collaboration in OA pathological development. The reduced MMP13, and enhanced TIMP1 protein production and type II collagen release also implies that miR-29a and miR-140 combination treatment may be a possible treatment for OA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

The crude galactomannans (GMs) were obtained from the culture of a newly isolated fungus Trichoderma erinaceum DG-312 and their anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in mice. The maximum concentrations of mycelial biomass and GMs reached 9.44 g/l, 2.72 g/l at day 3 in a 5-l stirred-tank bioreactor, respectively. The results of Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography and compositional analysis revealed that the crude GMs contain heterogeneous polysaccharides consisting of $74.9\%$ mannose and $24.1\%$ galactose. The GMs was shown to possess a significant anti-inflammatory activity against acetic acid-induced inflammatory mouse model in a dose-dependent manner, when mice were treated with 100 and 200 mg GMs/kg body weight. The inhibition in vascular permeability $(60.6\%)$ and in writhing response $(62.5\%)$ evidenced an anti-inflammatory activity of the GMs. The marked anti-inflammatory and writhing-lowering properties of the GMs suggest its potential therapeutic use.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2016

Antimicrobial agents have been used in poultry for treatment of bacterial infections or additives over the past half century. However, increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to selective pressure for therapeutic use in humans and made treatment of bacterial infection more difficult. In this study, we examined the prevalence of plasmid mediated antimicrobial resistant determinants for resistance to ${\beta}-lactam$, quinolone, and aminoglycoside in Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from chickens in Gyeongsang provinces, and correlation between the resistant genes and antimicrobial resistance rate was also assessed. A total of 43 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from 40 chickens at Gyeongsang provinces in Korea. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. PCR and DNA sequencing were performed to characterize the antimicrobial resistant genes. Of the 43 Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, 2 isolates harbored $bla_{CTX-M-14}$ gene, and 2 and 5 strains contained qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes, respectively. A total of 43 isolates displayed a relatively lower susceptible rate ranging between 0.0 and 23.3% to most of the antimicrobial agents, except cefepime, ceftazidime, and cefaclor. We confirmed that plasmid mediated antimicrobial resistant determinants were distributed in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from chickens. Investigation of the genes and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance rate is required to prevent further spreading of antimicrobial resistant genes among Enterobacteriaceae isolates.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2010

Purpose : The aim of this study was to develop a model for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonatal rat using endotoxin and hypoxia, a plausible insult in a neonatal intensive care and to investigate the role of apoptosis as the underlying mechanism. Methods : Newborn rats were given oral endotoxin and intermittent 8% hypoxia$\pm$caspase inhibitor. The intestinal histology was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Apoptosis was analyzed with TUNEL staining and by measuring the caspase 3 activity in the intestinal lysates. IEC-6 cells were assessed for apoptosis and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Fas and FasL was measured after treatment with endotoxin and hypoxia. Results : Oral endotoxin (5 mg/kg) and exposure to 8% hypoxia of 60-min duration twice induced human NEC-like lesions in the rat intestine. Intestinal tissue revealed increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity. After caspase inhibitor treatment, the grades of both apoptosis and NEC were significantly reduced. IEC-6 cells exhibited increased apoptosis and caspase 3 activity after endotoxin and hypoxia treatment and significantly increased Bax/Bcl- 2 ratio compared to control cells. Conclusion : This neonatal rat model of NEC which was induced by oral endotoxin and intermittent hypoxia showed increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells that was mediated by caspase 3 activation. Our model has a advantage in the study of NEC because the use of much more clinically plausible insults may provide a suitable model for the investigation of its pathophysiology and therapeutic trials.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Objective : To identify the effect of symmetrical and asymmetric bilateral training For stroke patients in upper extremity recovery. Methods : 15 patients with stroke, randomized to an in- phase group(n =7) and anti-phase group(n =8). Each groups received symmetrical and asymmetric bilateral training, 30-min sessions per a day for 5 weeks, total 20 session.Accelerometer was used to evaluate the amount used for both groups. Y-BAT was used to evaluate performance status and satisfaction, ARAT was used to evaluate hand function. Results : the amount used of symmetrical movement training showed significant changes in affected and unaffected side. asymmetric bilateral training. there is a significant difference in affected side before and after receiving asymmetric bilateral training. Also, There was a significant difference between the groups on the affected side. Both training, there was no significant difference in performance, satisfaction, and upper limb function between group but, there was significant differences within-groups, Conclusions : Symmetric training showed higher motor performance than asymmetric training, but, To obtain a clearer difference, it would be necessary to use a neuromuscular assessment tool such as fMRI. Also, need a clearer training protocol and the need for follow-up studies on more stroke patients is suggested.