• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.23
• /
• pp.81-100
• /
• 2011

The term of world literature is now becoming an issue and lens through which we need to rethink the value of literature on a more universal dimension so as to imagine newly the location of the local or regional literature that has been alienated from the field of world literature. This kind of recognition leads us to consider the term world literature in relation to globalization and universality and to locate it on a problematical territory rather than to understand it in the traditional and Western way. Therefore the concept of world literature is now given to us as a task to resolve from our particular, or more precisely, peripheral context. The peripheral context could best operate as a possibility of reforming the West-centered order of world literature particularly in the way in which world literature obtains a more universal value. When we discuss world literature we need to consider the way of practice to re-highlight the possibility of periphery and pre-modernity without neglecting the 'light' of modernity and center. In this respect, the discourse of 'East Asia' may be useful for a transnational approach to world literature which focuses on the criticism of all kinds of centrism by foregrounding the concepts of othering and de-homogenization. For this I emphasize the attitude and methodology of 'post' which includes the power of othering and de-homogenization. The 'posty' theories such as post-colonialism, post-structuralism, post-nationalism and post-humanism allow us to indicate properly and acutely our aim by means of freer play of thought and at the same time more just definition and practice of our thought; that is, only by embracing both indication and play can we maintain the universal value of world literature. Here we can say that the global and local enterprise of ethics is the fundamental basis of world literature.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.145-156
• /
• 2014

Objectives: Korean medicine hospitals, since they first emerged in the early 1970s, have rapidly become a new member of the hospital population. As it was a new organizational frame for traditional medicine, we tried to analyze the changes of Korean medicine hospitals coping with institutional environment and their relative positioning in the whole health care sector. Methods: On the basis of Scott and his colleagues' identification of the three components of institutional environments, changes in organizational logics, actors, and governance of Korean medicine hospitals during the period from 1971 to 2010 were analyzed. Results: First, Similar to previous literature on institutional eras of Korean health sector, three distinct periods were characterized: the foundation of Korean medicine hospitals to consolidate the legal status(1971~1986), a rapid increase of entrepreneurial hospitals through cultural-cognitive legitimacy(1987~2001), and the reinforcement of specialization and competition(2002~present). Conclusions: Results suggested that: (1) changes in institutional environments hada heavy impact on structural and behavioral changes among Korean medicine hospitals, but the pace was slower than that of western medicine hospitals. (2) In structure, Korean medicine hospitals have positioned themselves as unofficial long-term care hospitals, focusing on chronic diseases(e.g. cerebrovascular disease). Our study demonstrated that organizational theories can provide useful framework for the analysis of Korean medicine and related policies. Indeed, one of the most important implications of this study is that understanding changes in institutional environments is important to understand the process of how members of the health care sector live, grow, change, decline and survive.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.881-887
• /
• 2002

This treatise is written in order to solve the important contradiction between the two theories; in oriental medicine psychological function is responsible for heart, but in western one it is responsible for brain. So we take the methods of studying in the aspects of morphological characteristics(MC) and visceral manifestation theory(VMT, 藏象論) and others about two organs-heart and brain. Brain(頭腦) is preferred to understand as a structure which is manifesting mental activity of heart. So the brain can be named with external heart(外心) corresponding to the relation of kidney(外 and external kidney. Saying conversely, the nutritional foundation of the mental function is the blood of heart, but the enlightening and insightful features of mentality make it's own residence move to the organ in the uppermost and positive site, that is head. And the close relationships on mental functions between heart and brain were discussed in various aspects, like investigation on east and west etymological literature, or Jiu gong and Taoist theory as well as Me and VMT, These understandings can make us know about the pathology of brain by itself. It has deep relations with heart fire and heart blood and kidney essence, and gastrointestinal function and liver with lung additionally. In another point, it makes the highly complicated psychological functions to be explained free from body relatively, and so can do a role in the complement of the strict 5 viscera theory.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
• /
• no.15
• /
• pp.51-79
• /
• 2013

This paper examines the characteristics of post-modern self-portrait photography. Characteristics of postmodernism associated with the "loss of centeredness," such as the death of the author, interdisciplinarity, and intertextuality, brought about a number of changes within the self-portrait. The distinction between post-modern and modern self-portraiture can be characterized by the following qualities: appropriation, the use of photography, and the utilization of the human body as an art. The characteristics of post-modern self-portrait photography can be represented through the works of Cindy Sherman, Orlan, and Morimura Yasumasa. By presenting prototypical women in her works, Cindy Sherman not only represents images of those women, but also exposes her fictitious role in the work. She creates a distance between herself in the works and herself in reality and discloses a paternalistic gaze. Meanwhile, Orlan transforms her face into a distorted image and presents it as an alternative identity that is representative of postmodernism. She corrodes the standard concept of identity through plastic surgery and treats the face not as a place where the identity stays, but as a simple body part or fragment of skin. Orlan's post-human face is malleable according to the artist's desire to raise the issue of what the human face is, and opposes the structure of modernism. Morimura Yasumasa also appropriates images from masterpieces and presents a hybrid identity between Eastern and Western, male and female, original and replica, and subject and object. In order to dissect social prejudice, he puts forth every single structural dichotomy that coexists in his self-portrait and suppresses a strong ego. He also studies the relationship between 'seeing' and being 'seen' by trading the painter's role from that of the subject to that of the object.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.129-152
• /
• 2008

Early Buddhist rock cave temples of India, in spite of being an origin of Buddhist temples, has little been studied in Korea. After field studies and an interpretation of their forms in conjunction with religious life, precedent theories are supplemented and refuted as follows. Starting from the 2nd century B,C., Buddhist ascetic disciples digged residential rock caves, called vihara, for protection from monsoon rain and hot weather, A typical arrangement was settled -a courtyard type, with 3 side rows of tiny one-person bedroom and a front veranda with columns. Also digged were Chaitya caves, in line with viharas, to worship, which is the tumulus of Buddha's relics. I suggest that the original type of chaitya a simple circle cave with a stupa, suitable for circumambulating ceremonies. I refute the existing theory presenting Barabar caves of Ajivika as a chaitya origin, featuring empty circular room without a stupa. I also interpret a typical apsidal plan as being a simple result of adding a place of worshipping rites in front of the stupa. Enclosing columns around a cylindrical stupa is a result of reinforcing both the divine space and circumambulating ceremonies, with elongation toward hall. Finally the chaitya came to have a grandeur apsidal plan with high vault ceiling nave and a side aisle as in Western cathedrals with large frontal horseshoe arch windows. The Buddha image, which had become a new worshipping object, was integrated into the stupa and interior surface. First the stupa and then the statue was introduced to residential Viharas. Therefore, I suggest that the vihara should be renamed as 'chaitya' as a worshipping place, by establishing statue rooms without bedrooms at all. The functionally changed vihara is similar in form to a 'rectangular type of chaitya', little known and developed in different routes. A columned inner courtyard gradually becama an offering place, like Hindu mandapa, Buddhist caves ware changed to a kind of Tantric and Hindu temple by means of statue worshipping offering rituals.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2017

The meridian theory(經絡學說) is one of the important Korean medical theories distinguishing it from western medicine. The meridian theory(經絡學說) can be divided broadly into meridians(經脈) and collaterals(絡脈). The studies on meridians(經脈) have been relatively advanced, but the studies on the collaterals(絡脈) has not been enough progressed so far. Fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈) are the biggest and most important part of collaterals(絡脈). Unlike other collateral(絡脈), fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈) have certain routes and their own collateral acupoints(絡穴). So we studied the structure of collateral(絡脈) mainly on fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈). In addition, we searched the Asian symbolic-mathematical(象數學的) meaning of the fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈) and newly described them. As a result, the concept of collaterals(絡脈) has been created by the accumulation of clinical experience later than that of meridians(經脈), and it has been formed while the meridian theory(經絡學說) were developed. The meaning of 'fifteen' in fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈) could be analysed in three ways based on the result of symbolic-mathematical(象數 學的) study. According to those results, we could find that the structure of fifteen main collaterals(十五絡脈) in "Internal Classic(內經)" was accurate.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.662-685
• /
• 2015

The use of global mobile technology has increased exponentially. In particular, a survey of consumers in the Philippines showed that 83% "could not live" without their mobile phones. We investigated factors, such as ease of use and personal innovativeness, to elucidate the consumer adoption of mobile technologies in the Philippines, to integrate existing adoption theories for academics and provide recommendations to practitioners based on our findings. Our research questions are as follows: (1) What key factors drive adoption of mobile technologies by Filipino consumers?; (2) Are Filipino consumers innovative in their use of mobile technologies?; And (3) How can telecom companies retain their customers? A structural equation model, which was built from a survey of 528 mobile Filipino consumers, showed support for repurchase intention to use mobile technologies. The hypotheses were generally supported by variables related to mobile phone usage with the Philippine consumer sample. Results support all of the hypothesized relationships for consumers using mobile technologies. Personal innovativeness did load on both attitude and repurchase intention for mobile applications as originally hypothesized but was strongly loaded for attitude toward using. This research is a first step in understanding the adoption of mobile applications by Filipino consumers. We initially hypothesized that consumer behavior toward mobile applications would involve constructs of innovativeness, ease of use, and satisfaction; however, we found that ease of use was less significant in understanding repurchase intention to use mobile technologies. Personal innovativeness was more important in explaining satisfaction with mobile application attitudes and repurchase intention. The Filipino context of this study also provides other interesting implications. As the Philippines transitions into a more international market, western products start to guide market behavior, particularly consumer adoption.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2010

Background : There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Ayurveda and Korean medicines are most world-widely spread as Complementary and Alternative Medicine(CAM). Objectives : This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of Ayurveda, Tibetan and Korean medicine. Method : I have summarized the results of the research into the following categories: basic theoies, history, physiology and pathogenesis. Result : 1. Ayurveda is the medical science that grasps individual constitution through Tridosha, a combination of five primary elements(space, wind, fire, water, and earth), and systematically explains physiological and pathological phenomena which reveal according to the constitution. 2. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These physiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 3. Ayurveda, Tibetan and Korean medicine, three main axes of the traditional medicine arouse western medical researchers' interest by their peculiar views of the disease and the system of their medical theories. And they are expected to render services to human health. Conclusions : We can expect the potential of the approaching between Ayurveda, Tibetan and Korean medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.34 no.3 s.116
• /
• pp.59-78
• /
• 2006

Japan has been tried to integrate Western planning theories into its parks and green systems in the past. However this effect has been regarded unsuccessful. One of reasons for this is that the green systems have been treated as an urban facility, instead as systems. Another reason has to deal with greenbelt's stationary and reservation characteristics that make difficulty to respond timely to the rapid urbanization. The parks and green systems in Korea was introduced in 1990 and began to be promoted fully with the 'Parte and Green Master Plan' established in 2005. However, due to its short history, incomplete aspects exist in its philosophy and methods for promoting the system. Based on these experiences, the current green zone plans in Japan considers the green structure as an independent institution and amenity plan, not a tool of urban planning, that can be a medium for realization of urban visions. And main characteristics of this approach are 1) classifying the green structure into four categories in order to respond to urban forms and purposes, 2) pursuing confirmity with urban planning, and 3) executing the landscape plan based upon core green areas. From reviews upon experiences of Japan as well as considerations on demands and conditions of green systems in Korea, we proposed the following five new strategies for the construction of the urban parte and green system in Korea. They are 1) to develop urban parks and green systems into a genre of urban development improving the quality and local competitiveness of cities rather than a means of urban planning; 2) to form the integrated structure of urban green zones; 3) to transform the urban parte and green systems into practical systems as the centers of localities; 4) to raise criteria for planning and execution plans for effective implementations of the urban parte and green systems, and 5) to provide specific guidelines for the construction of urban parks and green systems through organizing research groups or specialists.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2023

Objectives : This paper aims to study the characteristics of zhongfeng treatment by examining the eight principles of zhongfeng treatment in the Zhongfeng Jiaoquan of Zhang Shanlei along with Zhang Bolong's treatment of 'Yangxu Leizhongfeng[Yang deficiency pseudo Wind damage]' which is missing from the eight principles. Methods : The treatment methods in the Zhongfeng Jiaoquan was organized in the order of cause, characteristic, symptom, treatment, and precautions, in order to analyze features that were emphasized by Zhang in zhongfeng treatment. Results : First, treatment for bizheng is to 'open and close', then apply methods of 'qianyang jiangqi(潛陽降氣)' and 'zhenni huatan(鎭逆化痰)' while that for tuozheng is to 'lianyin yiye(戀陰益液)' accompanied by medicinals that 'qianzhen xutang(潛鎭虛陽)'. Second, treatment for ganyang shangnizheng is to 'qianzhen rougan', while for tanzian yongsezheng, one must 'dangdi(蕩滌)' for those who are strong in qi, 'xiehua(泄化)' for those who are weak in qi, while for those who have qinizheng[qi reverse syndrome] to 'shunqi(順氣).' Third, for deficiency in xinye and ganyin, one must 'yuyin yangxue[育陰養血]', while for deficiency in shenyin, one must first 'qianjiang shena[潛降攝納]' then slowly apply the method of 'ziyang shenyin[滋養腎陰]' if there is no phlegm turbidity. Fourth, in order to communicate the meridians and unfold collaterals, if the pathogen is external, apply the method of 'yangxue tongluo[養血通絡]', while if the pathogen is internal, calm by doing 'qianyang zhenni[潛陽鎭逆].' Fifth, in order to treat pseudo zhongfeng caused by yang deficiency, one must 'lianyin gutuo[戀陰固脫]' while using medicinals that 'jiangxiang[潛降]'. Conclusions : Treatment of zhongfeng in the Zhongfeng Jiaoquan diverged from 'wenjing sanhan', the usual approach to zhongfeng which sees it as external, and established the 'qianjiang zhenshe [潛降鎭攝]' treatment method based on the internal wind theory. It suggests a new Korean Medical pathology based on theories of Western medicine, and introduces eight principles in treating zhongfeng, which would influence the treatment of zhongfeng in the future.