• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.441-456
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• 2024

This paper aims to develop Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict the buckling resistance of cold-formed steel (CFS) channels with restrained flanges, widely used in typical CFS sheathed wall panels, and provide practical design tools for engineers. The effects of cross-sectional restraints were first evaluated on the elastic buckling behaviour of CFS channels subjected to pure axial compressive load or bending moment. Feedforward multi-layer Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were then trained on different datasets comprising CFS channels with various dimensions and properties, plate thicknesses, and restraining conditions on one or two flanges, while the elastic distortional buckling resistance of the elements were determined according to the Finite Strip Method (FSM). To develop less biased networks and ensure that every observation from the original dataset has the chance of appearing in the training and test set, a K-fold cross-validation technique was implemented. In addition, the hyperparameters of the ANNs were tuned using a grid search technique to provide ANNs with optimum performances. The results demonstrated that the trained ANNs were able to predict the elastic distortional buckling resistance of CFS flange-restrained elements with an average accuracy of 99% in terms of coefficient of determination. The developed models were then used to propose a simple ANN-based design formula for the prediction of the elastic distortional buckling stress of CFS flange-restrained elements. Finally, the proposed formula was further evaluated on a separate set of unseen data to ensure its accuracy for practical applications.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.57-82
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• 2010

The 486m-long roof of Shenzhen Citizens Centre is one of the world's longest spatial lattice roof structures. A comprehensive numerical study of wind effects on the long-span structure is presented in this paper. The discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) recently proposed by two of the authors (Huang and Li 2008) was adopted to produce a spatially correlated turbulent inflow field for the simulation study. The distributions and characteristics of wind loads on the roof were numerically evaluated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, in which Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) Model were employed. The main objective of this study is to explore a useful approach for estimations of wind effects on complex curved roof by CFD techniques. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire roof were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine mean, fluctuating and peak pressure coefficient distributions, and spectra, spatial correlation coefficients and probability characteristics of pressure fluctuations. Numerical results were then compared with these experimentally determined data for validating the numerical methods. The comparative study demonstrated that the LES integrated with the DSRFG technique could provide satisfactory prediction of wind effects on the long-span roof with complex shape, especially on separation zones along leading eaves where the worst negative wind-induced pressures commonly occur. The recommended LES and inflow turbulence generation technique as well as associated numerical treatments are useful for structural engineers to assess wind effects on a long-span roof at its design stage.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

In total, 170 carrot lines developed in Korea were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 to select parental genetic resources useful for the development of nematode-resistant carrot cultivars. Using the gall index (GI), gall formation was examined on carrot roots inoculated with approximately 1,000 second-stage juveniles of the nematode 7 weeks after inoculation. Sixty-one carrot lines were resistant (GI ${\leq}1.0$), while the other 109 were susceptible (GI > 1.0) with coefficient of variance (CV) of GI for total carrot lines 0.68, indicating low-variation of GI within the lines examined. The histopathological responses of two carrot plants from resistant and susceptible lines were examined after nematode infection. In susceptible carrots, giant cells formed with no discernible necrosis around the infecting nematodes. In the resistant carrot line, however, no giant cells formed, although modified cells were observed with extensive formation of necrotic layers through their middle lamella and around the infecting nematodes. This suggested that these structural modifications were related to hypersensitive responses governed by the expression of true resistance genes. Therefore, the Korean carrot lines resistant to the nematode infection are potential genetic resources for the development of quality carrot cultivars resistant to M. incognita race 1.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.986-993
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• 2018

측 추력 제트는 유도무기의 자세제어 및 궤도 천이 기동을 하는 데 있어 기존의 핀과 같이 제어 면을 이용한 방식보다 우수한 기동성을 갖는다. 하지만 초음속 영역에서 비행 시 측 추력 제트로 인한 제트 간섭 유동이 발생하며 충격파와 경계층 유동, 와류 유동의 상호 작용으로 인해 매우 복잡한 유동 구조를 나타낸다. 특히 직격 파괴(hit-to-kill) 방식의 요격체의 경우 정밀한 제어 및 기동이 요구되기 때문에 제트 간섭 유동이 미치는 영향에 대한 분석이 필요하다. 기존의 제트 간섭 해석은 저고도 운용 조건에서 주로 수행되었으나 중고도 운용 조건의 경우 해석 사례가 많지 않으며 대기 조건으로 인해 분사 제트 유동이 상대적으로 크게 발달하는 특징을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 중고도에서 비행하는 요격체 형상에 대해 받음각 조건에 따라 제트 간섭 유동 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과를 바탕으로 유동장의 구조적인 변화 특성을 분석하였으며, 공력 계수의 변화를 비교하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기물성,응용부문
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• pp.109-110
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• 2006

In bio applications, high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) at $30^{\circ}C{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ is especially important for a temperature sensor. In this work, single phase-vanadium dioxide ($VO_2$) thin films for temperature sensor were fabricated by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and post-annealing method. VOx thin films deposited by reactive sputtering in a controlled $Ar/O_2$ atmosphere can be transformed into single phase-$VO_2$ films by post-annealing in $N_2$ atmosphere. The grown $VO_2$ thin films have a moderate resistance at room temperature and very high TCR at room temperature and transition temperature, respectively 2.88%/K and 15.8%/K. A detailed structural characterization is performed by SEM, XRD and RBS. SEM morphology image indicates that grains of fabricated $VO_2$films are homogeneous and ball-like in shape. A fact that the films contain only single phase-$VO_2$ is obtained by XRD and RBS analysis. After deposition, the sensors were fabricated by micromachining technology. Silicon nitride membrane and black nickel were used for a thermal isolation structure and absorption layer. In the vicinity of room temperature, the TCR of sensors was enough high to apply for bio sensors.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.15-18
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• 2008

대공간 구조는 3차원적인 힘의 흐름과 면내력에 의해 외부하중에 대한 저항능력을 확보하는 형태 저항형 구조로서, 구조물 자체의 곡률을 이용하여 면외방향으로 작용하는 외력을 주로 면내력으로 저항할 수 있게한 구조시스템이다. 그러므로, 연성구조물의 일종인 막구조물은 대공간 구조물을 보다 효과적으로 구축할 수 있다. 이러한 막구조물은 지진이나 고정하중에 의한 영향보다 바람의 의한 영향이 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 또한, 풍하중은 주변 환경 및 구조물의 형태에 따라 그 크기가 매우 다르게 나타난다. 본 논문에서는, 우리나라에서 풍하중의 영향을 가장 많이 받은 지역들 중에 건설된, 2개 경기장의 설계 풍하중과 풍동실험 결과값들을 비교 검토해 보고자 한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.231-231
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• 2010

Thermoelectric properties of a multi-layered thin film, which was composed with indium selenide and bismuth telluride, were investigated. The structure of the layered thin film is Bi-Te /In-Se/Bi-Te and it was prepared on sapphire substrate by RF magnetron sputter using stoichiometric $Bi_2Te_3$ (99.9%) and $In_2Se_3$(99.99%) target at room temperature. Then, it was annealed at temperature range of 150 - $500^{\circ}C$ in Ar ambient. Structural characterizations were done using X-ray diffraction(XRD, BRUKER, D8, 60kW) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI, Tecnai, F30 S-Twin), respectively. Cross-section of multi-layer structure was observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of these samples were also measured by conventional equipment at room temperature. The maximum value of power factor was $1.16\;{\mu}W/k^2m$ at annealing temperature of $400^{\circ}C$.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2021

Perfluorinated compounds(PFCs), an emerging environmental pollutant, are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative organic compounds that possess a toxic impact on human health and ecosystems. PFCs are distributed widely in environment media including groundwater, surface water, soil and sediment. PFCs in contaminated solid can potentially leach into groundwater. Therefore, understanding PFCs partitioning between the aqueous phase and solid phase is important for the determination of their fate and transport in the environment. In this study, the sorption equilibrium batch and kinetic experiment of PFCs were carried out to estimated the sorption coefficient(K_d) and the fraction between aqueous-solid phase partition, respectively. Sorption branches of the PFDA(Perfluoro-n-decanoic acid), PFNA(Perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid), PFOA(Perfluoro-n-octanoic acid), PFOS(Perfluoro-1-octane sulfonic acid) and PFHxS(Perfluoro-1-hexane sulfonic acid) isotherms were nearly linear, and the estimated K_d was as follow: PFDA(1.50) > PFOS(1.49) > PFNA(0.81) > PFHxS(0.45) > PFOA(0.39). The sorption kinetics of PFDA, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS onto soil were described by a biexponential adsorption model, suggesting that a fast transport into the surface layer of soil, followed by two-step diffusion transport into the internal water and/or organic matter of soil. Shorter times(<20hr) were required to achieve equilibrium and fraction for adsorption on solid(F₁, F₂) increased with perfluorinated carbon chain length and sulfonate compounds in this study. Overall, our results suggested that not only the perfluorocarbon chain length, but also the terminal functional groups are important contributors to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between PFCs and soils, and organic matter in soils significantly affects adsorption maximum capacity than kinetic rate.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.1153-1163
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• 2013

접착식 콘크리트 덧씌우기는 기존 콘크리트 포장과의 재료물성이 유사하여 적절한 유지보수 공법으로 제시되고 있으며, 덧씌우기층과 기존 포장층이 완전부착을 통한 일체화 거동을 하여 우수한 구조적 성능을 확보할 수 있다. 따라서 접착식 콘크리트 덧씌우기의 장기 공용성을 위하여 적절한 부착강도 기준을 확보하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 부착 특성이 부착강도에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고자 하였으며, 덧씌우기 재료, 기존 포장의 압축강도 및 휨강도 변화, 기존 포장의 열화상태 등 다양한 부착조건에 대한 직접인장 및 간접인장 실험을 실시하여 도출되는 부착강도를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 직접인장실험에 의한 부착강도가 간접인장실험에 의한 부착강도보다 상대적으로 높게 분포하는 경향을 나타내고 있으나, 결정계수 0.75 및 P-value 0.002의 높은 부착강도 상관관계를 확보하였다. 이를 통하여 접착식 콘크리트 덧씌우기의 실제 현장 거동을 모사할 수 있는 반복하중에 의한 부착 피로 특성 분석 시 직접인장 및 간접인장 실험의 상관관계를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

IBC와 KBC의 지반분류는 ft-kips 단위체계를 기본으로 하고, 지반종류를 단일 지반특성값이 아닌 지반특성값 범위로 규정하여 지반종류에 따른 전단파속도와 지반계수들 간의 불명확한 관계 때문에 지반계수의 선형보간이 쉽지 않다. 또한, KBC의 지반분류에서 각 지반종류에 대한 지반특성값 범위가 너무 넓어서 구조기술자들이 다양한 지반의 실제적인 지반계수를 추정하는데 어려움을 격고 있다. 이 연구에서는 SI 단위체계를 고려한 새로운 지반분류체계를KBC등 차세대 내진설계기준을 위해 제안하였고, 제안된 새로운 지반분류에 따라 지반계수들의 선형보간 가능성을 검토하기 위해 $F_{a},\;F_{v}$, 지반계수들의 비교에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과에 의하면, SI 단위체계와 얕게 묻힌기초 밑 30m 지반의 지반특성을 고려한 새로 제안한 지반분류체계를 이용하는 것이 지반계수의 선형보간을 위해서 보다 합리적이고, 설계스펙트럼 가속도계수의 선형보간도 각 지반을 대표하는 전단파속도에 따라 지반계수를 규정함으로써 보다 합리적으로 수행할 수 있다. 연구결과에 따라 KBC 내진설계기준을 위한 새로운 지반분류체계와 선형보간이 가능한 설계스펙트럼 가속도 계수를 제안하였다.