• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1717-1724
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• 2019

Background : Several studies have suggested different arguments for the effect of stretching exercises and core muscle exercises on flexibility and balance ability. Objective : To determine the effects of stretching exercises and core muscle exercise on flexibility and balance ability. Design : Quasi experimental research Method : The study applied exercise interventions (three sessions per week for 6 weeks) on 40 subjects. The subjects were divided into stretching and core muscle exerciseing groups to identify the change of flexibility and balance ability. Sit- and- reach test results and hip hyperextension were measured for identifying changes in flexibility, and the Romberg test and Pedalo stabilizer were used for changes in balance ability. Results : Both the stretching exercise and core muscle exercise groups showed a statistically significant increase in flexibility (p<.05). However, the stretching exercise group showed a statistically significant increase in balance ability (p<.05), whereas the core muscle exercise group showed partially statistically significant differences in this par t(p>.05). In the analysis of the differences in the amount of change in flexibility, based on the types of exercise, stretching exercises showed a significant difference (p<.05), whereas a significant difference was not found in the amount of change in balance ability (p>.05). Conclusions : These findings indicate that stretching exercises are the more effective intervention for improving and maintaining flexibility, whereas there is no difference between stretching and core muscle exercises with respect to improving balance ability.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.569-578
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• 2017

In this research work, a simple and accurate hyperbolic plate theory for the buckling analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates is presented. The main interest of this theory is that, in addition to incorporating the thickness stretching effect (${\varepsilon}_z{\not=}0$), the displacement field is composed only of 5 unknowns as the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT), instead of 6 like in the well-known "higher order shear and normal deformation theories". Thus, the number of unknowns and governing equations for the present theory is reduced, significantly facilitating engineering analysis. Governing equations are obtained by employing the principle of minimum total potential energy. Comparison studies are performed to verify the validity of present results. A numerical investigation has been conducted considering and neglecting the thickness stretching effects on the buckling of sandwich plates with functionally graded skins. It can be concluded that the present theory is not only accurate but also simple in predicting the buckling response of sandwich plates with functionally graded skins.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.122-123
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• 1995

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2022

Background: The cross-body and the sleeper stretches have been used to improve posterior shoulder tightness (PST). However, such stretching techniques may not always help achieve scapular stability and may even aggravate patient's symptoms. Therefore, a new stretching technique (passive glenohumeral internal rotation with bridging) was developed as a more effective method that may allow for greater scapular stability without aggravating the symptoms. Thus, this study aimed to examine and compare this novel stretching technique to determine its effect on the range of motion (ROM) and acromio-humeral distance (AHD) in patients with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD) with posterior shoulder tightness. Methods: A total of 30 symptomatic patients with asymmetrical GIRD were randomly assigned to two groups: the novel stretching group (n=15) and the joint mobilization group (n=15). The intervention was conducted twice a week for a total of four weeks. The ROM of shoulder internal rotation was measured by a goniometer and the AHD was evaluated by an X-ray before and after the intervention. Results: Both the treatments improved ROM and AHD in patients with GIRD (p<.05). However, the improvements in internal rotation ROM and AHD in the novel stretching group were significantly greater than that of the subjects in the mobilization group. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<.05). Conclusion: These results show that both novel stretching and joint mobilization improved ROM and AHD in patients with GIRD with PST. However, novel stretching was more effective than joint mobilization.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.1005-1112
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• 1995

The Effects of 0~9% stretching on the microstructure and mechanical properties have been investigated in Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloys. Stretching made T$_1$(Al$_2$CuLi) precipitates finer and more uniform, however, had no effect on the size of $\delta$'. The number of sheared $\delta$'precipitates distributed in the matrix were reduced. The 6% stretching improved the yield strength of the alloys aged at 15$0^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours from 328~342 MPa to 466~488MPa, however, decreased the elongation from 9.7~10.4% to 5.7%.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.919-924
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• 2016

In this study, 20 men and women in their 20s were divided into a footboard passive stretching group and a manual passive stretching group. After stretching was applied to the soleus for 5 weeks, a comparative analysis was performed on the range of motion(ROM) of the ankle joint to determine changes in the flexibility of the soleus. Both the footboard stretching group and manual stretching group first performed stretching for 15 sec, followed by a 10-sec break. One set consisted of performing the above process twice consecutively, and each group had to perform five sets in total. A goniometer was used as a measuring instrument. The results of the experiment were analyzed using a nonparametric analysis, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Mann-Whitney test. SPSS WIN 18.0 was employed for the statistical analysis. In terms of the comparison of the flexibility before and after the experiment according to the different interventions, the application of footboard stretching to the soleus for 5 weeks resulted in $3.2^{\circ}$ right dorsiflexion (p=.009), $6.98^{\circ}$ right plantar flexion(p=.008), $4.14^{\circ}$ left dorsiflexion(p=.005), and $10.97^{\circ}$ left plantar flexion(p=.007), which were all statistically significant increases. The application of manual stretching led to $6.04^{\circ}$ right dorsiflexion(p=.005), $12.14^{\circ}$ right plantar flexion(p=.005), $7.00^{\circ}$ left dorsiflexion (p=.008), and $16.38^{\circ}$ left plantar flexion(p=.005). Therefore, both footboard stretching and manual stretching were effective in enhancing the flexibility of the soleus. However, statistically significant larger increases in the ROM of the ankle joint were observed in the manual stretching group.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stretching exercise on depression, pain, and fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). Methods: The study was designed as a non-equivalent control group pre-posttest quasi-experimental design. The patients with SLE who signed the consent form were conveniently assigned into two groups(11 experimental subjects and 10 control subjects). The subjects in the experimental group were participated in 6 weeks stretching exercise program for one and a half hours per session twice a week. The data were analyzed by using a SAS-pc+ 8.01 program. Results: 'The experimental group would have less depression scores than the control group' was supported (Z=2.2, p=.025). 'The experimental group would have less pain scores than the control group' was supported (Z=3.4, p=.001). 'The experimental group would have less fatigue scores than the control group' was supported (Z=-2.0, p=.041). With this study, we identified the stretching exercise program was effective on depression, pain, and fatigue of SLE patients. Conclusions: From above results, 6 weeks stretching exercise program could be an effective nursing intervention to reduce depression, pain, and fatigue in patients with SLE.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ballistic stretching techniques on the flexibility, muscle strength and electrophysiologic nature. Methods : The subjects of the study were 20 young adults including 10 for the ballistic-stretching group, and 10 for the control group. This study measured hamstring flexibility, muscle strength, median frequency and root mean square on electromyography signals. All measurements were analyzed using independent sample t-tests. Results : VAS, FPRS, and ODI showed significant pain decrease in all groups except for the ODI measurement in the 0.5㎐ group. There were no significant differences according to frequency levels. Conclusion : It was understood that the effect of stretching was greater when performing ballistic stretching techniques.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.1271-1276
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• 2013

This study selected 22 male subjects to examine the maintenance period of static and ballistic stretching applied to rectus femoris, divided them into 11 static stretching group and 11 ballistic stretching group and analyzed changes in median frequency and in maximal voluntary isometric contraction before stretching and at 30 sec, 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, and 10 min after stretching. Median frequency showed significant differences in changes according to time and groups after the test of main effects. It was reduced after 3 min. in both static stretching and ballistic stretching groups and then increased again. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction showed significant differences in changes according to time and groups from the results of the main effect test. Static stretching group was reduced at 3 min after the experiment and then increased after that and ballistic stretching group was reduced at 5 min after the experiment and then increased again. In conclusion, changes were shown according to time after stretching and the effects of ballistic stretching were maintained a little longer than those of static stretching.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static stretching and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching on isokinetic muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors. Methods: The subjects were composed of eighty healthy males without weight-training experience. ROM of knee joint measured active maximal extension and isokinetic Peak Torque measured $60^{\circ}/sec,\;120^{\circ}/sec$ using an the En-Knee. Three tests(Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, respectively) was operated to examine change of each variable. Data were analyzed with a $2{\times}3$ analysis of variance ($group{\times}test$) for repeated measures on last factor by SPSS package 10.0. The data analysis revealed muscle strength were dependent on stretching method. Results: The results were as follows. First, Evjenth-Hamberg stretching(E-HS) was more effective than static stretching(SS) on ROM. Second, Peak Torque of knee flexors and extensors was improved in both methods by each time. but E-HS was more improved than SS. Conclusion: In conclusion, This study indicates that E-HS is more efficient than SS on muscle strength improvement.