• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2020

This study was conducted out to investigate the effect of harvest time of the day, precooling or not, and temperature of precooling and storage on the marketability in strawberries 'Maehyang' for export in May. Strawberry colored with 60±5% of the skin was harvested at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm, respectively. After harvesting, some strawberries were precooled to 0, 2, 4℃ for 3 hours in the cold store, respectively, and the others were kept at room temperature. And then, strawberries were stored at low temperature in the cold store set at 4, 8 or 10℃ storage temperatures. The weight loss rate, firmness, soluble solids content, color, incidence of gray mold of strawberries were measured at two days intervals during storage for 14 days. Both 07:00 am and 15:00 pm harvest, fruits as the storage periods lapses increased weight loss rate compared to the weight at harvest time of the day, and the difference in the weight loss rate of fruits depending on the treatment was greater at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am. Firmness tended to increase again after 8th day at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest, respectively. In the afternoon harvest, 10℃ storage without precooling showed the lowest fruit firmness on the 2nd day after storage. The soluble solids content at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest tended to be maintained at high value with precooled and stored at low temperature as storage days elapse. The color values were significantly higher at 'L' indicating brightness and lower at 'a', indicating redness at low storage temperature regardless of harvesting time of the day and whether it was precooling or not. The incidence of gray mold was higher at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am harvest, and it was significantly higher in the treatments stored at 10℃ after precooling similarly. In this study, strawberry 'Maehyang' for export harvested at 07:00 am and stored at 4℃ after precooling at 0℃ maintained the best shelf life, therefore, it is judged that desirable to harvest in the morning with low temperature and to precool and store at low temperature.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2001

Purpose Long- term use of steroid, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin, which are frequently used in the therapy of SDNS, might cause severe side effects. Recently, the immune-modulator levamisole has been tried as a substitute therapy and it has been reported as a method with less side effects and more effectiveness. We started this research in order to observe the effects of levamisole and compare it to other therapy results. Patients and Methods : We chose 16 steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome children, those who had shown frequent relapse during the immunocompromised therapy period. Mean age was $9.1{\pm}1.4$ years in children and the male to female ratio was 15:1. All of subjects were diagonized with MCNS and had received cyclophosphamide or cyclosporin before receiving levamisole. Levamisole at a dose of 2.5mg/kg was used every other day for 1 year and the relapse rate was observed. Results : On average of 14 days after treatment, complete remission was visible in all of the children, and the relapse percentage was $50\%$, which represents 8 children, while remaining 8 children representing $50\%$ of the cases showed no relapse during treatment. During the levamisole therapy period, tile average relapse rate was reduced significantly from $2.18{\pm}0.9/year\;to\;0.77{\pm}0.9/year$(P=0.027). Also the average relapse rate after the therapy was reduced to $1.34{\pm}1.1/year$, which was a significant level compared to the level before treatment(P=0.003). There was no significant difference in terms of duration of remission maintenance. Duration of remission maintenance showed an average of $12.2{\pm}9.1$ months before the use of levamisole, but it was also $10.1{\pm}6.9$ month after therapy. No other side effects such as leukopenia, skin disease and other clinically significant symptoms appeared at all during therapy. Conclusion : The long-term medication of levamisole for the therapy of SDNS children is thought to be able to maintain stable remission by reducing the relapse frequency without causing severe side effects. Further study with a broader range of subjects is required to eluccidate the long-term effects of this treatment. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001;5 : 109-16)

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1154-1166
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• 1998

Background : In the management of patients whose primary chemotherapy has failed, careful assessment is essential. It is important to find out as accurate a chemotherapy history as possible. Preferably it should contain the drugs which has never used before. The purpose of present study is establishment of retreatment regimen for pulmonary tuberculosis. The present report concerns the results of retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital. Methods : Retrospective cohort study was made of 104 drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were treated by five regimens between Jan. 1994 and Nov. 1996. All the patients taken medicine for second anti-tuberculosis regimens for the first time. We separated the patients by three groups(Group I ; OFX+PTA+CS+PAS+Aminoglycoside, Group II : PZA+PTA+CS+PAS+Aminoglycoside, Group III : PZA+OFX+PTA+PAS+Aminoglycoside). Results : The age distribution was most frequent in fourth decade(36patients, 34.6%) and the mean age was 42.6 year. The sex distribution was more frequent in the males(81 patients, 85.7%). There was 31 patients(29.8%) with combined diseaes, 18 patients with complication and 24 patients(27.9%) with family history. Primary chemotherapy regimens were HERZ(S or K) in 48 patients (46.2%), HER(S or K) in 41 patients(39.4%) and others in 15 patients(14.4%). Result of drug sensitivity test showed that the resistance to INH and RFP is in 68 patients(65.4%), RFP is 12 patients(11.5%), INH is in 3 patients(2.9%) and all sensitive to INH and RFP is 3 patients(2.9%). The clinical symptoms on admission were coughing(89.4%), sputum(69.2%), dyspnea on exertion(37.5%), weight loss(33.7%) blood tinged sputum(15.4%) and others. The extent of disease on the radiograph was far-advanced in 73 patients(70.2%), moderate in 28 patients(26.9%) and minimal in 3 patients(2.9%). The side effects for drugs were gastrointestinal troubles in 31 patients(29.8%), arthralgia in 22 patients(21.2%), skin rash in 12 patients(11.5%) and others. The negative conversion rate on sputum AFB smear was 85.6%(87.5% in Group I, 80.0% in Group II and 90.5% in Group III). The average negative conversion time on sputum was 4 month(4.0 month in Group I, 4.6 month in Group II and 3.0 month in Group III). Conclusion : In the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, ofloxacin is useful drug for the patients who are not available to use PZA and combination of PZA and OFX can be use effectively substituting for CS.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The buds of persimmon trees are susceptible to cold damage, often with the late frost, at the time of budburst. This study was conducted to determine effect of the cold damage on shoot and fruit growth the current season. METHODS AND RESULTS: 'Fuyu' trees, grown in 50-L pots, were placed for 1 h at $-2.2{\pm}0.5$, $-2.6{\pm}0.5$, or $-3.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ within a cold storage, at their budburst on April 5. Some trees under ambient temperature at $10-17^{\circ}C$ served as the control. Cold damage of the buds containing flower buds was 54% at $-2.2^{\circ}C$, and significantly increased to 95% at $-3.0^{\circ}C$. The bud damage included the complete death of all, complete death of main buds only, or the late and deformed shoot growth in the spring. Number of flower buds in early May dramatically decreased as the damage ratio increased. Since the thinning of flower buds in mid-May and fruitlets in early July was done in no or slightly damaged trees, the final number of fruits and yield did not decrease compared with the control when the damage increased by 60% and 70%, respectively. Average fruit weight and skin coloration tended to be better with increasing bud damage. Shoot growth was more vigorous in those trees whose buds were severely damaged by low temperature. CONCLUSION(S): Shoot growth and the yield may depend on the number of flower buds and percent fruit set after the cold damage.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.161-173
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• 2019

In this study, the antioxidative and inhibitory activity of tyrosinase and collagenase for the solvent extract and silica column fractions of Artocarpus nitidus were evaluated. The activities were quantified using the 4 parameter logistic. LC/MS analysis showed that the major component of the fractions was polyphenol and the total polyphenol content of the extract was $48.1{\pm}2.6mg\;GAE/g$. The radical scavenging activities ($SC_{50}$) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl of the extract, fraction-1 and fraction-2 were 16.7, 42.0 and $10.1{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The value for fraction-2 was the closest to ascorbic acid ($1.5{\mu}g/mL$). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts and the fractions showed $IC_{50}$ of 64.9, 0.9 and $1.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and overall activity was higher than that of kojic acid ($7.4{\mu}g/mL$) and arbutin ($119.0{\mu}g/mL$). In the experiment by zebrafish embryo, the whitening activity of fraction-2 (27.5%) was higher than that of kojic acid (18.6%), and there was no adverse effect up to $500{\mu}g/mL$ of fraction-2. For the collagenase inhibitory activity, the samples showed $IC_{50}$ of 139.8, 20.6, and $16.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, which were competitive to 1, 10-Phenanthroline ($55.4{\mu}g/mL$). The extract and fraction-2 showed $IC_{50}$ of 61.8 and $67.1{\mu}g/mL$ for elastase. These results suggest that A. nitidus extract can be used as a cosmetic material useful for antioxidant, whitening, and prevention of skin aging without adverse effects.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.185-198
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• 2019

Human tissue undergoes aging by the oxidant damage via structural change and its physical properties. The skin aging process is well known and many evaluations have been conducted. However, studies on hair aging were relatively few and thus care for aging hair is difficult. This study aims to fabricate an aging hair and identify anti-aging effect with known ingredient in anti-aging. First of all, physical properties of aging hair of age 60s by physiologically intrinsic factors were compared to those of the hair made by various extrinsic factors such as several chemical reactions and iteration numbers of the treatments. The extrinsic aging hair of this study relates to the less amount of lipid and to the hair of perm treated once accordingly, wherein several physical properties, preferably comprise roughness and tensile strength, present a novel concept of the intrinsic aging hair. The penetration of peptide into the aging hair was leading the extrinsic hair towards more structurally directed a younger hair. In addition to the structural change, the penetration of the peptide enhanced texture and tensile strength of the aging hair. These patterns have been also found in addition of propolis. For the first time, these qualitative studies exhibit that indeed our extrinsic aging hair well describes the anti-aging efficacy as a receptor for a cross-linker and the ingredients of human hair.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different dose of 312nm UV irradiation on ash and phosphorus contents in metatarsus of broiler chicks, whose dorsal skins were exposed to the UV light. Day old Hubbard line broiler chicks were fed with vitamin D deficient diet for 3 weeks and the defeathered dorsal skins were exposed to different dise (0.32, 0.65, or 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$) of 312nm UV light. The metatarsus bones were collected on 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days after irradiation and defatted, dried, ashed and dissolved in 6N-HCI. The P concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry. When the 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ dose was applied, the ash contents in metatarsus bones o( chicks were 42, 46 and 40% on 0, 1 and 3 days after irradiation, respectively. The maximum level, 46% was appeared at 2 days after exposure as 0.65 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was treated. When 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation was applied, the high concentrations, 47 and 47% were shown on 1 and 2 days after irradiation, respectively. The 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ among three levels of dose increased the most amount of ash in metatarsus bone. In respect to the P content in the chick bone the increased level, 19.4% was shown on 3 days after UV treatment with 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The maximum levels, 18.1 and 20.0% were present on 3 and 2 days after exposure to the 0.65 and 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of UV dose, respectively. It was shown that the higher dose of UV irradiation increased the more P concentration in matatarsus of chicks and the production rate was faster than those from 0.32 and 0.65 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.896-901
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of olive and soybean oil on the color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, increase rate of thickness, decrease rate of diameter, pH, VBN content and TBARS value of ground pork loin during cold storage for 15 days. Ground pork loin were prepared by three types such as ground pork loin containing 20% pork fat (GP-P), ground pork loin containing 20% olive oil (GP-O) and ground pork loin containing 20% soybean oil (GP-S). The $L^{\ast}$ (lightness) and $b^{\ast}$ (yellowness) value of GP-P, GP-O and GP-S were not significantly different during storage, and the $L^{\ast}$, $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$ value of GP-P were higher than those of GP-O and GP-S (p<0.05). The water holding capacity tended to increase along with storage period, the water holding capacity of GP-P was higher than that of GP-O and GP-S. Also, the cooking loss of GP-P was lower than that of GP-O and GP-S (p<0.05). The increase rate of thickeness by cooking increased along with storage period, but the decrease rate of diameter was tend to decreased with increase in storage period (p<0.05). The pH of all ground pork loins decreased until storage at 5 days, but increased at 15 days (p<0.05). The VBN content of all ground pork loins increased along with storage period, and the VBN content of GP-P was higher than that of GP-O and GP-S (p<0.05). The TBARS value of all ground pork loins increased along with storage period; also, the VBN content of GP-P was the highest among all ground pork loins and GP-O was the lowest among all ground pork loins (p<0.05).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.799-806
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to establish the optimum conditions for high $CO_2$ gas treatment in combination with a proper gas-permeable packaging film to maintain the quality of fig fruit (Ficus carica L). Among the fig fruits with different high $CO_2$ treatments, the quality change was most effectively controlled during storage in the 70%-$CO_2$-treated fig fruit. Harvested fig fruit was packaged using microperforated oriented polypropylene (MP) film to maintain the optimum gas concentrations in the headspace of packaging for the modified-atmosphere system. MP film had an oxygen transmission rate of about $10,295cm^3/m^2$/day/atm at $25^{\circ}C$. The weight loss, firmness, soluble-solid content (SSC), acidity (pH), skin color (Hunter L, a, b), and decay ratio of the fig fruits were monitored during storage at 5 and $25^{\circ}C$. The results of this study showed that the OPP film, OPP film + 70% $CO_2$, and MP film+70% $CO_2$ were highly effective in reducing the loss rate, firmness and decay occurrence rate of fig fruits that were packaged with them during storage. In the case of using treatments with packages of OPP film and OPP film+70% $CO_2$, however, adverse effects like package bursting or physiological injury of the fig may occur due to the gas pressure or long exposure to $CO_2$. Therefore, the results indicated that MP film containing 70% $CO_2$ can be used as an effective treatment to extend the freshness of fig fruits for storage at a proper low temperature.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.571-578
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• 1996

Background : Long abscess is an accumulation of pus within a destroyed portion of the lung. Antibiotic therapy and postural drainge has proven to be an effective method of treatment for the majority of patients with pyogenic lung abscess. When medical therapy fails, thoracotomy and pulmonary resection are the current therapies. empyema is pus in the pleural space, and this term is deserved for effusions on which the Gram stain of the pleural fluid is positive. Initially, such collection may be drained via chest tribe. Recently, in patients who are judged to be unsuitable for surgery are in poor condition, percutaneous drainage using pig-tail catheter has been performed. We report out experience with 10 cases of lung abscess and 23 cases of empyema who were treated by percutaneous pit-tail catheter drainage. Subjects and Methods : Our study included 10 patients with lung abscess and 23 patients with empyema who were treated by percutaneous pig-tail catheter drainage, from January, 1990, to May, 1996, at Hanyang University then a pig-tail catheter was inserted into the abscess or the site of empyema under fluoroscopic and ultrasonograpic guidance. Following aspiration, the catheter was sutured into the skin, and connected to the suction tip. Catheter drainage was discontinued when the abscess of empyema was resolved in radiologically and clinically. Results : There were 2 cases of lung abscess caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14 cases of empyema caused by M. tuberculosis. The others were unknown. The duration of drainage was 1-2 weeks in 7 cases of lung abscess and 14 cases of empyema. In the 29 of 33 patients, percutaneous drainage were carried out successfully 20 of the 29 Gases rapidly improved. Conclusion : Percutaneous drainge is effective and relatively saute for management of lung abscess or empyema refractory to medical therapy or poor candidates for surgical treatment.