• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제37권
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• pp.371-405
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• 2004

문화재의 국제적인 유통행위는 다수 국가가 관계되므로 이 문제 해결을 위해서는 국제법적인 접근이 필수적이다. 2차대전 이후 문화재의 가치가 물질적 가치에서 국가와 민족의 정체성 확립을 위한 정신적 민족적인 측면의 가치가 중시되면서 신생 독립국과 식민제국들 간에 문화재의 소유권 다툼이 쟁점화 되어 문화재 반환을 목적으로 하는 국제적인 협력과 법제도적인 장치의 모색이 필요하게 되었다. 문화재의 불법거래에 관한 국제협약으로 유네스코(UNESCO)를 중심으로 문화재의 준비적 보존의무를 부과하는 1954년 "전시 문화재 보호에 관한 협약", 문화재 반 출입에 대한 통제와 반출에 허가장 발급을 통해 불법 취득 유통 억제를 위한 1970년 "문화재불법 반 출입 및 소유권 양도의 금지와 예방수단에 관한 협약", 도난이나 불법적으로 반출된 문화재의 국제적 반환을 의무화한 1995년 "유니드로와 협약"이 있다. 또한 유엔(UN)의 산하 기관으로 유네스코(UNESCO)는 특히 소위 문화재 분과(the Division of Cultural Heritage)를 마련하여 문화재에 대한 관계업무 처리에 주력하여 오고 있으며, UN 총회 역시 1973년의 결의 3187 이후로 문화재 보호에 관하여 계속적인 관심을 표현하여 오고 있는데 그 기본내용은 문화재의 원산국에로의 반환에 관한 국제 협력을 확인하고, 각국에 예술품 및 문화재의 불법거래 금지 및 방지를 위한 적절한 조처를 권고하며, 자국내 문화재에 대한 목록화 작업을 권고함과 아울러 종국적으로 많은 국가가 유네스코(UNESCO) 협약의 당사국이 되어 국제적인 협력체제의 구성원이 될 것을 권장하는 것이다. 국제협약의 한계로 협약상의 문화재에 대한 정의 차이가 존재한다. 먼저 1954년 협약상의 문화재는 동산에만 국한되는 것이 아니라 부동산도 포함하고 있는데 1970년 협약은 그 제정 목적이 '문화재의 불법적인 반 출입 및 소유권 양도의 금지와 방지수단'의 강구에 있으며 따라서 그 규율대상도 원칙적으로 유형의 동산문화재(tangible movable cultural property)에 국한된다고 봐야할 것이다. 1995년 협약도 역시 동산문화재를 규율대상으로 삼고 있다. 이 두 협약은 이 점에서 1954년 협약이나 주로 부동산적인 특성을 갖는 문화유산 및 자연유산을 대상으로 하는 1972년의 협약과 차이를 보이고 있다. 이러한 차이는 문화재의 개념에 대한 내재적인 차이를 반영하는 것이 아니라 주어진 협약의 제정 목적 및 취지가 다름에서 기인하는 것이다. 우리나라의 경우 1866년의 병인양요, 일본에 의한 36년간의 식민통치, 군정기, 경제 개발기 등을 통하여 다수의 문화재가 해외로 유출되었다. 물론 이들 문화재를 전부 반환 받을 수도 없고 또 받을 필요도 없는 것이지만, 이들 중 일부는 한국 사회의 문화적 역사적 정체성의 형성에 중요한 역할을 한다거나 또는 이들의 외국(특히, 일본)에서의 소재가 과거 한국민에 대한 지배의 상징으로서 기능한다거나 할 경우 반환 문제가 제기될 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 경우에 우리의 입론을 강화하기 위해서는 1954년 협약 및 제1의정서의 비준은 적극적으로 고려해야 한다고 판단된다. 반환을 요구할 경우 우선 문화재의 도난 여부가 핵심이며 이 경우 국제협약에 따라 조치하면 될 것이지만 외교적 협상의 단계에 이르면 이 문제는 정치적 문제가 될 것이다. 이 경우 반환을 요구하는 국가는 상대국이 문화재를 반환하도록 유도해야 한다. 문화재의 불법거래 방지에 대한 절실한 필요성에 반해, 동북아 지역 국가 및 시민사회의 방지노력은 대단히 미흡한 실정인 바, 이를 실현하기 위한 국가 및 시민 사회적 차원의 체계적인 노력이 동아시아 지역 전체에서 활발하게 전개하여야 할 것이다. 문화재의 불법적인 거래를 가장 효과적으로 막을 수 있는 방법은 인터폴(Interpol) 회원국간 정보를 신속히 유통시키는 것인데 이를 위해서는 인터넷 기술에 바탕을 둔 통신 시스템을 개발해야 하며 도난당한 문화재의 불법거래를 방지하기 위한 보다 효율적인 방안으로 문화재 보호 법률의 도입, 국제협약의 가입, 수집품 목록 구축 등의 조치가 필요하다고 본다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제39권
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• pp.95-130
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• 2006

근대 초부터 일제강점기까지 세키노 타다시(關野貞)를 비롯한 일본인 관학파 연구자들은 신라고분을 비롯한 한국의 문화유적 전반에 대한 조사연구와 자료수집활동을 했다. 이들은 초기에는 메이지정부의 지원을 받았고 한국이 식민지화된 이후에는 조선총독부와 유관기관으로부터 재정 지원을 받으면서 고고, 미술, 건축, 인류학, 민속학 등 전 분야에 걸친 조사를 하였다. 이들이 신라고분을 비롯한 한국의 문화유산을 조사한 목적은 한국에 대한 일본의 식민지배를 정당화하기 위한 이론적 근거와 필요한 자료를 찾기 위한 것이었으므로, 지역적으로 편중되고 왜곡된 시각이 나타나기도 한다. 1886년부터 한국의 고분과 출토유물에 대한 관심을 가진 일본인 연구자들에 의한 방한 조사가 계속 끊임없이 이루어졌다. 1904년 세키노가 한국에서 조사한 건축조사 보고서인 "한국건축조사보고(韓國建築調査報告)"에는 오릉을 비롯한 여러 고분에 대한 내용이 간단하게 소개되었고, 1906년에는 이마니시 류(今西龍)가 최초로 소금강산에 위치한 '북산고분(北山古墳)'과 황남동 남총(南塚)에 대한 발굴조시를 한 후, 적석목곽분(積石木樹墳)과 횡혈식석실분(橫穴式石室墳)의 구조에 대한 초보적인 인식이 이루어졌다. 1909년 건축학을 전공한 야츠이 세이이치(谷井第一)는 서악동 석침총(石枕塚) 발굴조사에서 작성한 석실의 평면도와 단면도는 한국에서 이루어진 발굴조사에서 최초로 제작된 유구실측도면으로 수치가 표현된 점에서 이전의 스케치된 그림과는 뚜렷하게 구분된다. 또한 이후 발굴조사에서는 이러한 유구 실측도면의 작성은 계속 이어진다. 이마니시와 야쯔이는 신라고분의 입지적 특징, 분구의 형태와 규모, 출토유물 등에 대한 조사 결과에 근거하여 적석목곽분과 횡혈식석실분은 서로 연대적으로 차이가 있음을 밝혔다. 조선총독부는 1916년에 "고적 및 유물보존규칙"과 "고적조사위원회규정"을 시행하고 고적조사위원회와 박물관협의회를 설치했다. 박물관이 활동하게 되면서 고분에서 출토된 유물들을 전시하고 유적을 조사하는 사업들은 모두 조선총독부의 허가를 얻어야 됐다. 1921년에는 금관총(金冠塚)이, 1927년에는 서봉총(瑞鳳塚)이 각각 발굴조사되면서 경주의 대형 적석목곽분은 화려한 출토유물로 주목을 받게 되지만, 전국 각지에 대한 조사가 이루어지면서 여러 고분들에 대한 보고서 발간은 이루어지지 못했다. 최근 몇몇 연구자들의 노력에 의해서 미발간 보고서가 간행되었지만, 서봉총과 같이 중요한 고분들에 대한 보고서가 아직 출판되지 못한 점은 당시의 한계로 볼 수 있다. 1920년대 후반에는 노모리 켄(野守健)이 지적도를 기초로 제작한 경주고분 분포도는 현재 통용되고 있는 155기의 고분의 규모와 위치를 명기한 자료로 시내에 소재한 여러 고분의 전체 모습을 확인시켜준 점에서 그 의미가 크다. 1930년대부터 아리미츠 쿄이찌(有光敎一)와 사이토 타다시(齋藤忠)는 다수의 적석목곽분과 횡혈식석실분에 대한 발굴조사를 통해서 한 묘제에 여러 가지 형식의 분묘가 존재하고 있음을 확인하였고, 특히 복잡하게 중복된 모습으로 노출된 적석목곽분에 대한 발굴조사경험은 이전에 이루어진 발굴조사와 보고서간행 등에 있어서 발전된 모습을 보여준다. 이번에 지난 근대~일제강점기에 발굴조사된 신라고분에 대한 발굴조사 내용을 살펴본 결과, 이때 조사된 여러 유적들에 대한 조사내용을 재검증하는 작업이 필요하며 이는 한국고고학사를 정리하는데 있어서 중요한 사실임을 재확인할 수 있다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.131-150
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to explore the family as an interaction system, concentrating on the mutual influences between communication and family development; (1) how Communication patterns affect family relationships, and (2) how relationships among family members affect communication. In order to do this Galvin, Brommel used the following frame work; family is a system in which communication regulates cohesion and adaptability by a flow of message patterns through a defined network of evolving interdependent relationships. A family system consists of members, the relationships among them, the family attributes, the members attributes and an environment in which family functions. Within the framework of common cultural communication patterns, each family has the capacity to develop its own communication code based on the experiences of individual members and the collective family experience. Most of us develop our communication skills within the family context learning both the general cultural language and the specific familial communication code. Communication may be viewed as a symbolic, transactional process as the process of creating and sharing meanings. To say that communication is a process implies a continuous interaction of an indefinite large numbers of variables with a concomitant,. continuous change in the values taken by these variables. Finally the process implies change, Family functions include the primary functions of cohesion and adaptability, and supporting functions of family images, themes, boundaries, and biosocial issues. The primary functions reveal concepts integrated family interaction and supporting function, along with those of cohesion and adaptability, give shape to family life. the characteristics of developed relationships of richness, uniqueness efficiency, substitutability, pacing , openness spontaneity, and evaluation are reflected in the verbal and nonverbal behaviors with which family members negotiated a set of common meanings and develop thier own unique message system. The message system is the major element of communication process and influences both the form and the content of thier relationship and in create and share meanings. Family systems need to provide order and predictability for thier members, specifically focusing on communication rules and the networks by which messages are transmitted. Most rules emerge as a result of multiful interactions. There are basic rules and rules about rules, or metarules. Perceiving the rules of family system is very difficult because often family members don't think about the basic rules, much less the metarules. Breaking the rule may result in the creation of a new set because the system may recalibrate itself to accept more variety of behavior. Families develop communication networks to deal with the general issue. Family adaptability may be seen through the degree of flexibility in forming and reforming networks and networks become a vital part of the decision- making process and relate to the power dynamics operating within the family. Networks also play an integral part in maintaining the roles and rules operating with the family system. Thus networks and rules have mutual influence. The family -of -origin issues influence all aspects of family communication and account for many of the communication patterns, rules and networks and the role of the family -of-origin influences as a primary force for communication on behavior of newly forming systems. Each family system develops its own communication meanings. There is not one right way to communicate within a family but may be indefinitly large change of family life and communication behavior. Study on functional family communication helps to gain a better understanding of dynamics of family communication and ability of a new insight into the family.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.134-140
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• 1989

A clinical evaluation was made on total 207 cases of corrosive esophageal stricture after ingestion of various corrosive substances and 173 cases of neoplasms in the esophagus and the cardia. The various complications associated with esophageal corrosion were observed on 28 cases [13.5%] in a total of 207 cases. Pathoanatomic findings of complication may be classified to the five category as follow; [1] stenosis in the pharynx due to adhesion of the epiglottis, [2] esophagobronchial fistula, [3] esophageal perforation with bougienation, [4] necrotic rupture of the esophagus and the stomach, and [5] so-called chronic corrosive gastritis. The comparative studies were done on a total of 165 cases of the various procedures of esophagoplasty to the reconstruction of the esophagus, which consists of antethoracal esophagoplasty with jejunum, retrosternal esophagoplasty with jejunum, retrosternal esophagoplasty with right colon, and retrosternal esophagoplasty with left colon. There is no hard and fast rule in selection of jejunum, right colon or left colon as the transplanting bowel and an operative method either antethoracal or retrosternal approach. When there was no possibility of the complication and no any defect of the anatomical states, one stage retrosternal esophagoplasty using right colon was better in various points of view. The 173 patients of the neoplasm of the esophagus consist of 28 cases of benign tumors and 145 cases of malignant tumors in the esophagus and cardia. 28 cases of benign tumors in the esophagus received the surgical treatment and they obtained with excellent results postoperatively. Of the 145 patients of esophageal carcinoma who received surgical managements, 101 cases [69.6%] were found to be operable and 44 cases [30.3%] were inoperable. Due to the various level of carcinoma in the esophagus, the following different surgical procedure was properly used case by case to get the best results in each case. Esophageal carcinoma in the upper and middle third segment received the total esophagectomy and the reconstruction of the esophagus using right colon by substernal procedure. Esophageal carcinoma in the lower third segment received an esophagojejunostomy in the mediastinum after the resection of lower third segment of the esophagus. Carcinoma in the esophago cardia and the stomach received also an esophagojejunostomy after the resection of the lower third segment of the esophagus and subtotal gastrectomy. For the 44 patients with inoperable carcinoma, the several palliative surgical managements such as gastrostomy or jejunostomy for feeding and esophagojejunostomy for bypass of the lower esophagus and the stomach were properly performed case by case for their maximum improvement.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.38-60
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• 2004

We made an experiment if the extracts of DanGuiBoHyulTangGami-Bang(DBTG) and 15 kinds of the medical herbs used the materials of DBTG were effective on the hair formation palpation and the falling out of hair, and came to the following conclusions. 1. The extracts of Paeonia lactiflora, Cuscuta chinensis and Angelica tenuissima of DBTG consisted of the 15 kinds of the medical herbs kept the activity of 5${\alpha}$-reductase type Ⅱ from being active 75.3$\%$, 63.8$\%$. 75.5$\%$. 2. The hair growth index, 1.6(control group 0.8) of the extracts of DBTG bas a little effect on the hair growth palpation and that of Rubus coreanus 1.8(control group 0.4) was the most effective one of the medical herbs, and Paeonia lactiflora 2.3(control group 1.7) and Vitex rotundifolia 2.3(control group 1.5) showed the effect on hair formation palpation. 3. The hair growth period couldn't be extended by DBTG in this experimental stage. 4. The 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG didn't have effects in dermal papilla cells DNA increase, IGF- I, KGF, HGF the revelation of a gene heredity, the protein synthesis of the hair follicle tissues. 5. All of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG didn't have the antibacterial activity in Paper disc rule. 6. The results from the test of a radical scavenging activity of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG showed that the extracts of Paeoria lactiflora, Scutellaria baicalensis, Rubus coreanus have the superior antioxidant activity in the concentration of 0.01$\%$ and 0.001$\%$ 7. In the formation controlled experiment, Vitex rotundifolia (70.6$\%$), Scutellaria baicalensis (47.1$\%$, Saposhnikovia (44.8$\%$) of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG in the 50㎍／㎖ concentration controled NO forming and Vitex rotundifolia (12.7$\%$) controled NO forming in the 5㎍／㎖ concentration in order. 8. MTT(lC／50) of the extracts of Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Scutellaria baicalensis, Lycium chinense, Rubus coreanus of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBIG was more than 500㎍／㎖ and had the least cell virulence.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.461-494
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• 1999

This study is to analyse the applicability of governing law in multi-party contractual relationship of letter of credit. And this study is also to suggest the limits of the possibility of applicable law in multi-party contract. The contract of letter of credit constitutes complex relationship, i.e., applicant -beneficiary, applicant-issuing bank, issuing bank-intermediary bank ect. The law applicable to letter of credit should not use a singular governing law in all credit transaction as sales contract. To solve these problems, the author analysed the law applicable to the credit under multi-party contractual relationship as follow : (1) the principle of party autonomy (2) In the absence of express agreement with regard to the law applicable to the contract, lex loci contractus, lex loci solutionis, the law intended by the parties, the law with which contract is most closely connected. Accordingly, when attempting to ascertain the law governing the credit, it should be borne in mind that the credit involves several contractual relationships. I would like to conclude as follows: 1. The contract between the applicant and the Issuing bank is to be governed by the law of the country where the contract is made, and in which the bank carries on business and has issued the credit. 2. When it comes to the beneficiary-Intermediary bank relationship the following rule is given : The liability of an intermediary bank to the seller is governed by the law the country where the intermediary bank is operating if it is acting as principal. If, however, it is acting as agent(advising bank), it will be the law of the country where his principal is situate. 3. The contract between the beneficiary and the Issuing bank is governed by the law of the country where the payment is to be performed. 4. The contract between the Issuing bank and Intermediary bank is governed by 1) the law of the issuing bank is applicable if the intermediary bank only advises the credit, 2) the law of the issuing bank is applicable but if the intermediary bank makes payment, accepts or negotiates drafts against the tender of the documents, i.e., act as the bank dffecting the payment., 3) the law of the confirming bank is applicable if the irrevocable letter of credit is confirmed by the intermediary bank

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze current educational requirements related to genetics curriculum(from June 2002 to September 2002) established at nursing institutions and to provide the basic data for the development of genetics science program at the undergraduate. Subjects of this study were comprised of twenty-three colleges of nursing in 4-year baccalaureate and thirty colleges in 3-year diploma programs. The results of this study were as follows : 1) 32 colleges offer courses related to genetics. 29 among 32 colleges have that integrated. Three schools have established completely independent courses of genetics. 21 colleges do not have any courses dealing with genetics. 2) The contents of courses related to genetics include: Congenital abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, congenital metabolic disease, prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling, genes and chromosomes, immune genetics, blood type and genetics, rule of genetics, variation in gene expression, the map of the human gene, gene linkage genetics, interaction of genes, single inheritance in order and genetic biochemistry. 3) For course credit, 14colleges(48.3%) offered at most 1 credit per course. The grade of student who can take the course, 51.7% were in their second year while 37.9% were in their third year. The majors of nursing faculty who taught the course were nursing(51.7%) and basic nursing science(17.2%). 4) As far as the need of opening the courses related to genetics, 36 colleges(67.0%) have made a 'need', 12 schools(22.6%) state 'dose not need'. 711e reason for need were the following development of bio engineering, increase number of patients who are related to genetics, recognition of the need in clinical nursing. 7 schools(13.2%) agreed to offer independent course in genetics but 39 schools(73.6%) are in disagreement with that. When the school offers the course with other courses, 27 schools(50.0%) are opening basic nursing science and 14 schools(26.4%) are opening nursing as an integrated courses. If the name of course was either genetic nursing(34.0%) or genetics(28.3%), the credits for the course was one or 2 credits. 33 schools(62.3%) students were in the first or second years. 41 schools(84.9%), the majors of the faculty who had taught the course were either basic nursing science(35.8%), nursing(28.3%) or basic medicine(24.5%). The contents of the course should include in that order: Chromosome aberrations, prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling, congenital metabolic disease, congenital abnormalities, genes and chromosomes, the rules of genetics, immune genetics, interaction of genes, variation in gene expression, etc. The results and discussions of the study indicate that the entire curriculums need to be investigated with respect to contents of education, nursing curriculums and name of courses because of the increasing need of knowledge related to genetics in the clinical practice.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.98-114
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• 1987

Degranulation of the rat peritoneal mast cell induced by intraperitoneal injection of horseradish peroxidase(HRP) was studied using light and electron microscopes. 1. Rat peritoneal mast cells in the Tyrode's buffered salt solution injected control group did not show any particular morphological changes following the specified time course. 2. Under the light microscope, the majority of mast cells observed 10 minutes after HRP injection were nearly the same as those of the control group. However, after 30 minutes, granule densities or staining properties of certain cells began to decrease and these appearances increased gradually until 12 hours after injection, at which time small groups of granules being stained pale-red or pink with toluidine blue were easily identified in the cytoplasm of many cells, and numerous extruded granuleg were scattered around these cells. 3. In the mast cells representing the early stage of degranulation induced by HRP, the electron densities of certain granules decreased as the size enlarged, and perigranular cavities were formed by perigranular membrane expansion. As a result, a thin cytoplasmic septum was formed between the expanded perigranular membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane in the cell periphery, and fusion of the adjacent perigranular membranes was observed in the inner side of the cell. 4. In some mast cells, one or two changes in the peripheral cytoplasmic septum could be seen. One was a focal rupture of the peripheral septum and the other was the formation of a saccule containing one or more vesicles. This saccule was thought to be used for granule-extrusion site and/or material absorptive apparatus judging from the morphological characteristics. 5. As the degranulation proceeded, the granule was extruded from the cell after partial rupture of the peripheral cytoplasmic septum. This phenomenon proceeded to-ward the inner side of the cell through the fused perigranular cavities, and consequently several distinct cavities containing a few unextruded membrane-free granules were formed throughout the cytoplasm after 12 hours. As a rule, the granule-extrusion sites were relatively fewer while the cytoplasmic cavities resulting from degranulation were more numerously observed. Thus, it was thought that the granule-extrusion sites tended to be restricted in the HRP-induced degranulation.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.351-361
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• 1995

The main purpose of the study is to identify critical risk factors for development of a family assessment tool to screen high risk family. This study used a conceptual framework of family diagnosis developed by Eui-sook Kim's (1993) and analyzed risk factors to identify the high risk family. As employing a explorative and methodological study design, this study has four stages. 1. In the first stage, 34 family risk factors were identified by doing intensive literature review on conceptual framework of family diagnoses. 2. In the second stage, above risk factors were tested for content validity by consultation with 29 persons in community health nursing, nursing education, family theory, and social work. 3. In the third stage, existing survey data was used for actual application of the identified risk factors. The survey data used for this purpose was previously collected for the community diagnosis in a region of Seoul. At the final stage, through the comparison between high risk and low risk families, initially identified 34 risk factors decreased to 25 risk factors. Among 34 risk factors, six factors did not agree with content of questionnaries sand two factors were not significant in differentiating the high risk family Also, two risk factors showed high correlation between themselves, so only one of those two factors was chosen. As a result, twenty-five risk factors chosen to identify the high risk family are following ; 1. A single parent family due to divorce or death of a partner, or unweded single mother 2. A family with an unrelated household members 3. A family with a working mother with a young child 4. A family with no regular income 5. A family with no rule in family or too strict rules 6. A family with little or no support from other lam-ily members 7. A family with little or no support from friends or relatives 8. A family with little or no time to share with each other 9. A family with family history of hypertension, diabetus, cancer 10. A family with a sick person 11. A family with a mentally ill person 12. A family with a disabled person 13. A family with an alcoholic person 14. A family with a excessive smoker who smokes more than 1 pack / day 15. A family with too much salt intake in their diet. 16. A family with inappropriate management skills for family health 17. A family with high utilization of drug store than hospital to solve the health problems of the family 18. A family with disharmony between husband and wife 19. A family with conflicts among the family members 20. A family with unequal division of labor among family members 21. An authoritative family structure 22. A socially isolated family 23. The location of house is not residential area 24. A family with high risk of accidents 25. The drinking water and sewage systems are not hygienic. The main implication of the results of this study is clinical use. The high risk factors can be used to identify the high risk family effectively and efficiently. The use of high risk factors woule contribute to develop a conceptual framework of family diagnosis in Korea and the list of risk factors need to be revised continuously. Further researches are needed to develop an index of weight of each risk factor and to validate the risk factors.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제58권
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• pp.215-236
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• 2013

It is quite true that the more Korean contractors receive overseas contracts, the more they need guarantees. The top market for them is the Middle East countries, consisting of more than the half of the total amount awarded last year and the trend is increasing as well. The problem, however, is that employers in these countries are reluctant to use international rules for guarantee such as URDG or ISP98 and easily make unfair callings. However, Korean contractors(applicants), especially small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) tend to hurriedly enter a contract without looking into its contents as well as guarantees. They do not realize the importance of the guarantees until they receive callings from the employers(beneficiaries). Being independent from the underlying contracts, guarantee is the equivalent to cash in that it usually does not require any proof of demand when calling and the guarantor should make a payment within usually 5 business days after the request. It is often observed these days that several Korean SMEs go bankrupt due to liquidity risks after receiving unfair callings from employers in the Middle East countries. In retrospect, some cases could be obviated if contractors were a little more careful in checking the contents of a guarantee at the time of concluding a contract. For example, there is one case where the underlying contract includes a reduction clause in the Advance Payment bond and the guarantee does not have that clause. In the end, the Korean contractor had to take the whole burden of the bond amount though it had finished 81% of the project. Nobody could argue that contractors should take a full responsibility if they fail in their obligations. However, the employer's wrongful callings need to be prevented in the first place, if possible. As there shouldn't be a case where one party is at a disadvantage against the other like the case mentioned above, useful insight is being sought to minimize unfair calling risks for the benefit of the applicant. First, the applicant should carefully look into every detail of the potential guarantee before signing a contract, heeding especially that there is a reduction clause in the AP bond. Second, the governing principles for guarantee should be the ones that are internally used such as URDG758 that is objective in terms of callings given that, for example, it specifies that the requirement for a supporting statement when making a demand is a default rule. It is also recommended that the form of guarantees be the standard demand guarantee. Third, parties involved in issuing guarantees are advised to understand international rules for guarantee like URDG758 and ISP98 and to play a key role in guiding SME contractors in Korea so that they can protect themselves from possible wrongful callings, particularly from employers in the Middle East countries. I hope this study would give a wake-up call for Korean SMEs wishing to do business in the Middle East countries and remind them of the importance of guarantee itself and its governing principles.