• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.796-804
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare and analyze the qualitative property of MLT (mulberry leaf tea) and FMLT (fermented mulberry leaf tea) based on the antioxidant, anticancer activities of various extracts. When the antioxidant activity of MLT and FMLT extracts was evaluated, the electron donating activity was found to increase proportionally as the concentration of each extract increased. In addition, the extract of FMLT showed a higher electron donating activity than that of MLT. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts showed the highest electron donating ability. When the SOD activity was evaluated, it was also found to increase proportionally with the concentration of each extract. Furthermore, the SOD activity of the ethanol extract group was the highest, whereas the SOD like activities of both MLT and FMLT were similar. When nitrite decomposition was evaluated for each pH, the highest value was observed at pH 1.2. Finally, the nitrite deleting ability was the highest for the ethanol extracts. When each extract of MLT and FMLT was analyzed in vitro for anticancer effects, they were found to decrease the number of cancer cells proportionally as the concentration of extract increased for both HeLa cells and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, FMLT was found to exert a greater inhibition of cancer cells than MLT. Among the extract groups, the ethanol extract induced the greatest inhibition of the development of cancer cells, and these effects were greater against MCF-7 cells than HeLa cells.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 1979

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an organic fertilizer (Glutamic acid fermentation by product ameded with nitrogen) on the growth and yield of radish and chinese cabbage on a relatively fertile soil. Additional laboratory studies were also made to find out the influence of mentioned fertilizer on the phisical and chemical characteristic of soils. The results are summarized as following. 1. Effect of fertilizer on the growth and yield. a. On a relatively fertile soil with high organic matter content (3%), the organic fertilizer was not effective for the growth and yield of radish and yield of radish and chinese cabbage. b. The application of organic fertilizer increased the K contents in plants both in radish and chinese cabbage. It was observed that the high content of K in radish leave lowered the leaf/root ratio and the leaf/root ratio showed a positive correlation with root weight. 2. Effect on soil physical and chemical properties. a. The application of organic fertilizer resulted in the improvement of soil physical property by lowering bulk density and increasing porosity. b. It was found that application of organic fertilizer increased the water stable soil aggregates. c. The application of organic fertilizer did not result in the significant increase in soil organic matter. d. Soil pH was lowered by the application of organic matter. It was speculated that the oxidation of ammonical nitrogen in the fertilizer is responsible for the lowering of soil pH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1798-1804
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• 2012

To prolong the shelf-life of domestic peaches, samples were treated with UV-C (0~10.0 $kJ/m^2$) and the spoiling rate and changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties were investigated. No spoiled peaches were observed within the first four days of storage in the control and 2.5 $kJ/m^2$ UV-C treatment groups. However, spoilage was observed in these groups on day six, and 29.17% and 25.0% of the samples showed spoilage on 10 day, respectively. Moreover, samples treated with greater than 5.0 $kJ/m^2$ of UV-C showed a higher percentage (41.67% or higher) of spoilage than those of the control or 2.5 $kJ/m^2$ UV-C treatment groups on 10 day. Additionally, weight changes in the peaches were the lower in the control group and 2.5 $kJ/m^2$ UV-C treatment group than in those treated with 5.0 $kJ/m^2$ of UV-C treatment or higher during 10 days of storage. There was no difference in pH among treatments, regardless of storage time. The hardness of the samples was not changed immediately after UV-C treatment, but that of samples treated with 5.0~10.0 $kJ/m^2$ of UV-C decreased rapidly after four days, when compared to the control and 2.5 $kJ/m^2$ UV-C treatment groups. No significant changes in the lightness and redness of the samples were observed in response to UV-C treatment, however, UV-C treatment led to a slight decrease in the yellowness of the samples. The initial taste, flavor, color, texture, and overall acceptance did not differ among control and UV-C treatments. The sensory score of the samples was the highest after 2 and 4 days of storage, while it decreased thereafter. In general, samples in the control and the 2.5 $kJ/m^2$ UV-C treatment groups showed higher sensory quality than those treated with UV-C at 5.0 $kJ/m^2$ or higher.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2005

The major obstacle in the popularization of Chungkookjang is the short shelf-life of $2{\sim}3$ months and some problems concerning storage including the growth of molds even in the products even within shelf-life. To solve these problems we conducted a research to improve its storage by using the vacuumed packaging and sanitary method through seed culture, innoculation and sterilization. For the optimization of storage time, temperature and sterilization temperature, we measured viable cell numbers of bacteria and fungi, amount of gas outbreak and contents of amino type nitrogen and monitored these experimental results by response surface methodology of SAS program, so that we could observe the quality changes of Chungkookjang during shelf-life. Especially fungi, which are the biggest troublemaker in Chungkookjang shelf-life, couldn't be detected from the generally and vacuum-packed samples; also, viable cell numbers were highly influenced by sterilization temperature and in vacuum-packed samples. In the case of vacuum-packed samples, amount of gas outbreak was highly influenced by sterilization temperature of its storage conditions and it was higher in generally packed samples as compared to vacuum-packed samples even at any storage conditions. The changes of pH in generally and vacuum-packed samples were highly influenced by the storage temperature. As the temperatures of storage and sterilization were higher and the storage time was longer, so the amount of gas outbreak was accordingly lower. These results showed that amino type nitrogen contents in generally and vacuum-packed samples were systematically influenced by the temperature, storage time and sterilization temperature. Also the result showed that the change of amino type nitrogen contents during storage was less in vacuum-packed samples than in general ones. Based on the above results, we can produce Chungkookjang products with extended shelf-life of as far as 6 months without any quality change using sanitary manufacturing method, vacuumed packaging condition, sterilization in $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and storage under $10^{\circ}C$ during shelf-life. According to this research, we have the possibility to greatly increase the goods value of Chungkookjang by developing the manufacture processing and packaging.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2004

Chloride($Cl^-$) channels play critical roles in cell homeostasis and its specific functions such as volume regulation, differentiation, secretion, and membrane stabilization. The presence of these channels have been reported in all kinds of cells and even in frog oocytes. These essential role of $Cl^-$­ channels in cell homeostasis possibly play any role in egg homeostasis and in the early stage of development, however, there has been no report about the presence of $Cl^-$­ channel in the mammalian oocyte. This study was performed to elucidate the presence of $Cl^-$­ channels in hamster eggs. When allowing only $Cl^-$­ to pass through the channel of the egg membrane by using impermeant cation such as N-methyl-D-glucamine(NMDG), single channel currents were recorded. These channel currents showed typical long-lasted openings interrupted by rapid flickering. Mean open $time({\tau}o)$ was 43${\pm}$10.14 ms(n=9, at 50 mV). The open probability(Po) was decrease with depolarization. The current-voltage relation showed outward rectification. Outward slop conductance(32${\pm}$5.4 pS, n=22) was steeper than the inward slop conductance(10${\pm}$1.3 pS). Under the condition of symmetrical 140 mM NaCl, single channel currents were reversed at 0 mV(n=4). This reversal potential(Erev) was shifted from 0 mV at 140 mM concentration of internal NaCl(140 mM [Na+]i) to ­9.8${\pm}$0.5 mV(n=4) at 70 mM [Na+]i and 11.5${\pm}$1.9 mV at 280 mM [Na+]i(n=4) respectively, strongly suggesting that these are single $Cl^-$­ channel currents. To examine further whether this channel has pharmacological property of the $Cl^-$­ channel, specific Cl­ channel blockers, IAA-94(Indanyloxyacetic acid-94) and DIDS(4, 4'-diisothiocyan ostillben- 2-2'disulfonic acid) were applied. IAA-94 inhibited the channel current in a dose-dependent manner and revealed a rapid and flickering block. From these electrophysiological and pharmacological resluts, we found the novel $Cl^-$­ channel present in the hamster oocyte membrane. The first identification of $Cl^-$­ channel in the hamster oocyte may give a clue for the further study on the function of $Cl^-$­ channel in the fertilization and cell differentiation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.77-101
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• 2009

Organic farming in Korea has mainly focused on producing vegetables in plastic film house and cereals in paddy field. For high productivity of vegetables and cereals, most Korean farmers have not applied crop rotation in the cropping system. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of crop rotation on the yield of red pepper and green onion, the changes in soil fertility and the potential as green manure of rye and hairy vetch. Rye and hairy vetch were cultivated for winter season every year, and directly incorporated into the soil. The yield of red pepper fruits in organic farming using crop rotation (OFCR) decreased 23 to 36% compared with conventional farming system (CFS). Whereas, green onion showed the increased yield of about 13%. In OFCR, total carbon content of soil was higher, however available phosphate content lower than conventional farming. As a result of measuring the bulk density of soil, OFCR and CFS were 1.26 to $1.35Mg/m^3$ and 1.37 to $1.42Mg/m^3$, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen contents of microbial biomass in OFCR were obviously higher compared with the CFS. In the plot cultivated rye for winter season, the weed germination was strongly reduced (about 52 %). Balance of macro nutrient elements, nitrogen and phosphate, in the application of rye and hairy vetch had a minus value. For potassium, the output value was higher than the input one, therefore organic farming under red pepper-rye or hairy vetch systems requires applying additional potassium input. Also, we selected two hairy vetch varieties of cv. Hungvillosa and Ostsaat which can be adapt at Korea climate. In order to estimate a yield of green manures, the weight of shoot and root was measured. The ratio of shoot and root between rye and hairy vetch showed 0.88 and 1.91, respectively. The potential levels of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium which could be supplied from rye were 7.7, 7.8 and 21.9 kg/10a and from hairy vetch were 17.0, 8.6 and 22.9 kg/10a, respectively. So we recommend that cultivating hairy vetch, as a nutrient supplier, and rye, as an amendment to enhance the soil physical property, for winter season be practical method in Korea organic farming system.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) on Enterococcus faecalis and to evaluate and to compare the time-dependant antimicrobial effect of NaDCC with NaOCl and CHX in the root canal in vitro before and after instrumentation. Extracted Human single teeth were prepared by serial instrumentation technique. The samples were autoclaved and contaminated for 3 days with E. faecalis monocultures. The teeth were then divided into 4 groups Each group was irrigated and inserted with 2% NaOCl, 2% NaDCC, 2% CHX and steri)ized saline. After 6, 12, 24, 72h, and 1 week incubation, sterilized paper point was inserted into the root canal. Paper points containing root canal contents were then placed on the agar plate. And then each root cana) was prepared with #4 and #5 GG (Gates-Glidden) drill. The debris were collected in the sterilized microtube and the plates were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ in an increased $CO_2$ atmosphere. After 24h incubation the growth of bacteria around the paper points were measured. NaOCl and NaDCC solution shows similar antimicrobial effect for E. faecalis at 6, 12, 24, 72h and 1 week. In centrol group, irrigated with sterilized saline, no antimicrobial effect was observed. The results are in agreement with other investigators, who have shown the bactericidal property and possibility of NaDCC as a root canal irrigation solution. Thus it seems that NaDCC solutions can be clinically applied into the root canal within 1 week after dilution.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the impact of protease treatments on the yield of rice starch (RST) from frozen rice flours, and to compare the physicochemical properties of RST by alkaline steeping (control) and enzymatic isolation (E-RST) methods. Although the yield of E-RST, prepared according to conditions designed by the modified 23 complete factorial design, was lower than the control, the opposite trends were observed in its purity. E-RST (RST1, isolated for 8 h at 15℃ with 0.5% protease; RST2, isolated for 24 h at 15℃ with 1.5% protease; RST3, isolated for 24 h at 15℃ with 0.5% protease) with the yields above 50% were selected. Amylose contents did not significantly differ for the control and RST2. Relative to the control, solubilities were higher for all E-RST, but swelling power did not significantly differ for E-RST except for RST1. Although all E-RST revealed higher gelatinization temperatures than the control, the reversed trends were found in the gelatinization enthalpy. The pasting viscosities of all E-RST were lower than those of the control. Consequently, the enzymatic isolation method using protease would be a more time-saving and eco-friendly way of preparing RST than the alkaline steeping method, even though its characteristics are different.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.881-887
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• 2014

To prolong the shelf-life of domestic peaches, samples were treated with 30 ppm of aqueous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) for 0~15 minute, after which the spoilage rate, changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties of treated samples were investigated. The control showed spoilage at day 4, and then 31.25% of control showed spoilage at day 8. However, samples treated with aqueous $ClO_2$ had no spoilage at day 4. On day 6, only 6.25% of samples treated with aqueous $ClO_2$ for 5 min showed spoilage. After 8 days, no spoilage was observed for samples treated with aqueous $ClO_2$ for 10 and 15 min. The weight change of the control was higher than that of aqueous $ClO_2$ treated samples for 8 days of storage. There were no differences in pH of samples among the treatments, but they were increased by storage time. Although there were no initial differences in the firmness of samples among the treatments, firmness of the control sample was decreased faster than those of the aqueous $ClO_2$ treated samples for 8 days of storage. No significant changes in lightness, redness and yellowness of the samples by aqueous $ClO_2$ treatment were observed during storage. The sensory parameters including taste, flavor, color, texture and overall acceptance at the initial period were not different among treatments. However, all scores of the control were decreased faster than those of aqueous $ClO_2$ treated samples during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-101
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• 2013

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted at 2004 and then various BWMS (ballast water management system) have been developed. In this study, WET (whole effluent toxicity) test with algae (diatom) Skeletonema costatum as primary producer, invertebrate (rotifera) Brachionus plicatilis as 1st consumer and fish (olive flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus as predator, chemical analysis and ERA (environmental risk assessment) were conducted to assess the unacceptable effect on marine ecosystem by emitting the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS using electrolysis as main treatment equipment for removing the marine organisms in the ship's ballast water. The most sensitive test organism on discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was S. costatum that gave the NOEC value of 25.00%, LOEC value of 50.00% and 72hr-$EC_{50}$ value of 69.97% from WET test result for 20 psu salinity treated discharge water. NOEC and LOEC value of B. plicatilis and P. olivaceus exposed at 20 psu salinity treated discharge water were 50.00% and 100.00%, respectively. In the chemical analysis results, total number of substances produced by AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was 18 which were bromate, 7 volatile halogenated organic compounds, 7 halogenated acetic acids, 3 halogenated acetonitriles and chloropicrin. Eighteen substances did not consider as persistence and bioaccumulative chemicals. Uncertainty of toxic property of 18 substances was high. PECs of 18 substances calculated by MAMPEC model were ranged from $4.58{\times}10^{-4}$ to $4.87{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, PNECs of them were ranged from $1.6{\times}10^{-2}$ to $3.2{\times}10^2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. And, the PEC/PNEC ratio of 18 substances did not exceed 1. Therefore, ERA for produced substances indicate that the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS does not pose unacceptable effect on marine life. And $EC_{50}$ value of S. costatum on discharge water treated by BWMS using the electrolysis had positive correlation with initial TRO concentration, concentration and kind & level of HAAs.