• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color image of the natural-dyed silk fabrics. The dye was extracted from pine needle by boiling pine needle with ethanol at $78^{\circ}C$ for 3hours and distilled water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2hours. The 100% silk fabric was dyed of extract in pH 5 at $90-100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr. As mordants used were compounds of Al, Sn, Fe, and Cr, color image of pine-needle dyed silk fabrics was classified into 5 factors (pure, gentle, sophisticate, comfortable, pastorale) and the factor pure is most important one of those. Most cheerful image in pure factor was from the fabrics dyed with ethanol extract and then, none and Cr mordanting. Dignified image was from the fabrics dyed with ethanol extract and then, Cu or Fe mordanting. In production, products dyed with ethanol extracts was preferred to those dyed with distilled water extracts. Color image and preference of the silk fabrics dyed with pine needles extracted was affected by extraction solvents and mordants.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2009

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), a five-needle pine, has recently been suffering pine wilt disease caused by non-native pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Three-year-old Korean pine seedlings were inoculated with 10,000 pathogenic nematodes in a greenhouse to investigate disease development, water content and the density of nematodes in stems. Needle dehydration, xylem drying and pith browning started 20 days after inoculation (DAI). There were significant differences between seedlings inoculated with nematodes and control seedlings in the relative water content of stems and leaves at 20 and 30 DAI. At 60 DAI, all remaining seedlings inoculated with nematodes had died, but control seedlings all remained alive. The average number of nematodes recovered from stems of Korean pine dramatically increased from 10 to 20 DAI, and then decreased at the end of the experiment at 60 days. This study suggests that the relative water content of stems and leaves in current-year branches could be used as a useful physiological indicator for early diagnosis of pine wilt disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.374-378
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• 1996

The effects of pine needle extracts on lipid contents and antioxidative enzyme activities in liver of rat were evaluated. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and fed high fat diets for four weeks. Each group was administered with pine needle extract in the following doses: control, water ; WE-3, hot water extract(3% PN) ; WE-6, hot water extract(6% PN) ; AE-3, acetone extract(3% PN) ; AE-6, acetone extract(6% PN). The results obtained from the experiment were as follows: GOT activities were not significantly different among experimental groups but GPT activities were significantly low in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity of pine needle extract administered groups was higher than that of control group. Catalase activities of liver had a similar tendency to SOD activities, but were not significantly different among the groups. Liver TBARS of WE-3 WE and AE-6 groups were slightly lower than those of other groups. Microscopic observation of liver tissue revealed that pine needle extracts increased cellular swelling, which was markedly increased in WE-6 group compared with control group.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

The susceptibility of radiata pine sapwood to fungal attack and the ability of selected fungicides to control colonization of sapstain and mold fungi on green radiata pine sapwood were evaluated. Radiata pine sapwood was highly susceptible to fungal staining, suggesting that prompt application of fungicides after sawing is essential for preventing fungal colonization. The ability of commercial fungicides to prevent fungal discoloration on radiata pine sapwood was assessed using an accelerated 6-week test on small samples in the laboratory, and in field tests using bulk-piled boards exposed outdoors for 6 weeks during summer rainy season. In laboratory tests, Hylite extra provided excellent protection against fungal discoloration even at the lowest concentrations. Hylite clear, Britewood S, and NP-1 Plus provided good short-term protection(2 to 4 weeks), but higher chemical loadings were, required for long-term protection(6 weeks). Woodguard produced little or no protection over the test periods. In field tests, Kathon 893 provided markedly superior protection at the concentration of 0.5 percent or higher. NP-1 Plus provided relatively good protection at all concentrations evaluated. Hylite extra was effective only for short-term protection(2 to 4 weeks) at all concentrations tested, but higher solution strengths were needed for longterm protection.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.244-251
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• 2011

The combustion characteristics were evaluated for Japanese Red Pine (Pinus Densiflora) and Korean Pine (Pinus Koraensis). These two species are widely used as building member of Korea-style house and volume density of Japanese Red Pine is relatively higher than that of Korean Pine. The combustion characteristics are closely connected with volume density. The differences of two species in both total heat release (THR) and average heat release rate (HRR) seemed to be resulted from the volume density. Toxicity of smoke from the specimens was increased because of fire-retardant treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.326-332
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of functional property improvement of meat products, four kinds of pork patties were prepared with water 10% as control, mugwort extract 10%, pine needle extract 10% and fatsia leaf extract 10%, respectively. In case of control moisture content was higher, but crude fat was lower, compared to patties treated with plant extracts. Crude ash content of pine needle extract treatment showed higher level than that of other patties. pH range of patties revealed to 5.92∼5.978. In raw patties Hunter's L-and a-value of control were higher than those of plant extract treatment, and a-value of raw patties showed higher level than that of cooked. Yield, water holding capacity, salt soluble protein extractability and gel strength among patties did not show significant differences. In control patty, fat retention was lower compared to other plant extract treatments, but water soluble protein extractability was higher compared to pine needle. Values such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were not significantly different among the patties. In sensory scores such as aroma, juiciness and palatability, significant differences were not observed among cooked patties, but texture score was higher in the order pine needle, mugwort, fatsia leaf and control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2015

Preparations need to be made for Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) in anticipation of climate change because Korean pine is an endemic species of South Korea and the source of timber and pine nut. Therefore, climate change adaptation policy has been established to conduct an impact assessment on the distribution of Korean pine. Our objective was to predict the distribution of Korean pine while taking into account uncertainty and afforestation conditions. We used the 5th forest types map, a forest site map and BIOCLIM variables. The climate scenarios are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for uncertainty and the climate models are 5 regional climate models (HadGEM3RA, RegCM4, SNURCM, GRIMs, WRF). The base period for this study is 1971 to 2000. The target periods are the mid-21st century (2021-2050) and the end of the 21st century (2071-2100). This study used the MaxEnt model, and 50% of the presences were randomly set as training data. The remaining 50% were used as test data, and 10 cross-validated replicates were run. The selected variables were the annual mean temperature (Bio1), the precipitation of the wettest month (Bio13) and the precipitation of the driest month (Bio14). The test data's ROC curve of Korean pine was 0.689. The distribution of Korean pine in the mid-21st century decreased from 11.9% to 37.8% on RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied from 32.1% to 45.4% on both RCPs. The areas at the end of the 21st century declined by 53.9% on RCP 4.5 and by 86.0% on RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied 23.8% on RCP 4.5 and 7.2% on RCP 8.5. Private forests showed more of a decrease than national forests for all subsequent periods. Our results may contribute to the establishment of climate change adaptation policies for considering various adaptation options.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.46-48
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• 2005

Growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of green tea and pine needles on Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from spoiled red bean paste were detected at concentrations higher than 750 ppm, and antimicrobial activity of pine needle extract was slightly higher than that of green tea exract. Growth inhibitory effect of pine needle extract in nutrient broth adjusted to pH 6.0, water-activity 0.92, and $45\;^{\circ}$Brix was observed at 500 ppm. These results indicated growth of B. stearothermophilus could be inhibited by adding pine needle and green tea extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1414-1421
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• 2009

Pine needle powder has medical and functional uses. In this study, cookies were prepared using different 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5% of pine needle powder. The total phenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. The antioxidant activity was highly correlated with the total phenolic composition of pine needle cookies (r=0.989). In addition, the quality characteristics of the pine needle cookies were estimated based on the bulk density and pH of the dough, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, color, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluations. The bulk density of the dough and the hardness, total polyphenol contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of cookies significantly increased with increasing pine needle powder, while the pH of the dough, spread factor and L values of the cookies decreased with increasing pine needle powder content (p<0.05). Additionally, the consumer acceptability scores for the 3% pine needle cookie groups ranked significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the other groups in appearance, taste, flavor, texture and overall preference. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that pine needle powder is a good ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and the functionality of cookies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.978-984
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological functionality of the hot water and 70% acetone extracts obtained from the pine needle and mugwort. Flavanol tannin content was above 60% of the total polyphenol in pine needle extracts. 70% Acetone extract from pine needle exhibited inhibition percentage of about 82.2% on the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1. Angiotensin I converting enzyme(ACE) inhibition activity was 61% and 50% in the hot water extract and in the 70% acetone extract respectively. Electron donating ability(EDA) of the hot water and 70% acetone extracts obtained from the pine needle was significantly good above 80%. 70% Acetone extract from pine needle showed inhibitary effect against the polyphenol oxidase(PPO) of water dropwort. The nitrite scavenging ability was appeared in all the extracts examined and it showed $80{\sim}90%$ at pH 3.0. The oxidative stability was determined by POV. Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction is better antioxidants than chloroform and butanol fractions in the soybean oil. Then, in the mugwort extracts, antimutagenicity of 70% acetone extract was similar to that of pine needle. Ratio of ACE inhibition activity was higher than that of pine needle extracts. EDA of hot water and 70% acetone extracts was 45%. Extracts from the mugwort were lower in nitrite scavenging ability about $20{\sim}30%$ than extracts from pine needle.