• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation diets of pine needle powder on performance, proximate composition, carcass characteristics, blood cholesterol concentration, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), WHC (water holding capacity), and shear force of chicken meat. Broiler chicks were fed diets for five weeks containing 0% pine needle powder (Control), 0.3% pine needle powder (T1), 0.6% pine needle powder (T2), and 0.9% pine needle powder (T3). Performance was no significant difference among treatment groups, but mortality was decreased in diets by the supplementation of pine needle powder than that of T1 and control. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash were no significant difference. The liver weight and abdominal fat was significantly decreased by the supplementation of pine needle powder compare to the T1 and control (P<0.05). The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration of control was higher than treatment groups, and the HDL-cholesterol concentration and glucose of control was lower than treatment groups (P<0.05). The TBARS value was significantly decreased by the supplementation of pine needle compared to the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data indicate that 0.6% pine needle powder supplementation (T2) was most effective in decreasing mortality, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2016

This study is conducted to get current state of data collection and utilization of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and to efficiently collect and utilize of the trees damaged by the pine wilt disease and abandoned fumigation-treated trees at forecasts. The method to control pine wilt disease damaged area is mostly fumigation treatment system, and there is no collection and utilization of damaged trees because of absence of efficient collection system, lack of collection cost, and absence of policy, etc. A survey is conducted that asked about the satisfaction degree for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and use divided into 6 topics. It was positively recognized that the need and problem of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization while it was mostly negatively recognized that the policy satisfaction for prevention and collection, satisfaction of collection and use, collection and forestry mechanization, and satisfaction of foundation equipment for forestry mechanization, etc. As a result of path analysis, it is necessary to promote a high-tech forestry mechanization to improve satisfaction level of results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and utilization, it is also need to make an effort in various ways for improve satisfaction level of satisfaction of collection and utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.40-47
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• 1988

Our plywood manufacturing industries which entertained prosperous stage in late 1970's have come to be in face of the problems of conceedingly obtaining good quality logs and yield up-grading, which is considered by future-replaceable forest resources. In view of this point, manufacturing characteristic on softwood plywood using Japanese larch, pitch pine as domestic plantation species, and western hemlock as foreign species was studied. In this study, veneer- and plywood manufacturing yields were discussed in relation to log properties and veneer defects (knots). The summarized conclusions were as follows: 1. The majority of sample logs belonged to second grade on the standard. And, eccentricity of larch was the highest 11%, about 2 times those of pitch pine, hemlock. 2. Knot frequency of occurrence of larch reached 19% within log height 8m, and pitch pine 13% within 4m. Correspondingly, the log height of larch available for plywood manufacture was higher by about 2 times that of pitch pine. 3. In the knot types, most of knots of larch appeared dead, whereas those of pitch pine and hemlock appeared live. In size of knots, larch and hemlock showed relatively small 1-2cm dia. by 70% or more and pitch pine did the larger 24cm by 65%. Generally the more knot emerged in the inner side of veneer than the outer. 4. Plywood manufacturing yields by peeling with spindle revolution lathe were 37% in larch > 32% in hemlock> 26% in pitch pine. S. Jointed core veneer yields by peeling with outer perimeter back-up lathe were 55% in hemlock> 53% in larch> and 48% in pitch pine.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 1977

Resistant and susceptible pine (Pinus thunbergii, Parl) trees to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis, Uchida et Inouye) were selected and monoterpene composition in one year old branches, shoots and needles of both groups have been analysed by GLC. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Monoterpene composition in either one year old branches or shoots were not affected by their directions (North or South). 2. Major monoterpenes in one year old branches were ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\beta}-pinene$, myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ and terpinolene. 3. In addition to ${\alpha}-pinene$, camphene, ${\beta}-pinene$, myrcene, ${\Delta}^3-carene$, limonene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ and terpinolene, several less volatile components which appear to be monoterpenes were also present in shoots and needles. 4. Compared with the susceptible pine, the resistant tree was found richer in limonene composition. 5. ${\beta}-Pinene$ composition in the resistant pine was less than that in the susceptible pine. 6. The difference in the composition of limonene or ${\beta}-pinene$ between two groups of pine trees was discussed in relation to the resistance to pine gall midge.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

This study was conducted to utilize the wastes produced from thinning the forest as a roughage source for ruminants. Four ruminally cannulated Korean steers were used to investigate the ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood concentrations of stress-related hormones. Treatments were composed of the rice straw only (Control) and the 30% pine silage plus 70% rice straw(Pine silage) as roughages. The experiment was conducted with four replicates by a double tum over design. For sampling of blood under high temperature steers were accommodated in respiratory chamber. Concentrations of ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia were not affected by substitution of pine silage. Mean concentration of blood thyroxine was significantly(P < 0.01) lower in the pine silage than the control. However, blood cortisol concentration was not affected by substitution of pine silage, even though it was significantly(P < 0.05) decreased after exposure for 6 hrs in high temperature. It was concluded that the pine silage using the wastes produced from thinning the forest could be use as a substitute roughage for reduction of heat stress in ruminant.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 1997

A study was carried out to evaluate the values of roughages available in Korea on feed intake and digestibility of Korean native goats and consequently to apply its results to the feeding system of Korean goats as a basic information. The results are as follows. 1. The protein contents in Alfalfa and Acacia leaf were 17.6 and 16.3% respectively 11.7 and 6.8% higher than orchardgrass and pine needle. Ether extract tom pine needle was about two times higher than other roughage sources which are 9.2%. 2. Dry matter intake per day in goats fed alfalfa, acacia leaf and orchardgrass was higher (P < 0.05) at 590.3, 543.8 and 496.58 respectively and 217.lg in pine needle. 3. Dry matter intake per basal weight (DM glkg of B$W^{0.75}$ and DM g/kg of BW%) was higher in goats fed acacia leaf at 68.5 and 3.5% respectively than any other treatments goats fed pine needle showed the lowest (P< 0.05) dry matter intake at 28.6 and 1.5% respectively. 4. Dry matter digestibility was highest (PcO.05) in alfalfa fed goats at 61.4%. Dry matter digestibilities in orchardgrass, pine needle and acacia leaf were 58.0, 46.8 and 46.6% respectively. 5. Total digestible nutrients were highest (P< 0.05) in Alfalfa fed goats at 59.5%. Total digestible nutrients in orchardgrass, pine needle and acacia leaf were 54.2, 50.7 and 47.7% respectively. 6. In conclusion, the value of orchardgrass as feed for goats was as excellent as alfalfa and although acacia leaf had a less value than alfalfa in goats, it is considered to be used as a protein supplement in diets for goats due to its high content of protein and excellent palatability. Intake of pine needle in Korean goats in this study was satisfactory and it indicates the possibility of its use as a supplement in diets for goats. However, fkther investigation will be necessary particularly on the deleterious effects of ether extracts of pine needle

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.405-410
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• 2008

The rheological properties of dough made with 0%, 1%, 2% or 3% pine needle powder were investigated The approximate composition of the pine needle powder was moisture content 58.1% crude protein 4.1% crude fat 3.9% crude ash 0.9%, and crude fiber 9.3%. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) analysis showed that the initial posting temperature increased with increasing pine needle powder content, while the peak viscosity decreased The water absorption, stability, development time, elasticity and valorimeter value of the dough, as determined using a farinograph and alveograph, decreased with increasing content of pine needle powder, while weakness increased. The extensibility, fermented volume and consistency of the dough decreased gradually with increasing pine needle powder content. These results indicate that addition of pine needle powder affects the rheological properties of bread.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.359-373
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• 2019

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Pine wilt disease) is a serious threat to the pine forest in Korea. However, dead wood observation by Pine wilt disease is based on field survey. Therefore, it is difficult to observe large-scale forests due to physical and economic problems. In this paper, high resolution images were obtained using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the area where the pine wilt disease recurred. The damaged tree due to pine wilt disease was detected using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervision classification technique. Also, the accuracy of supervised classification results was calculated. After conducting supervised classification on accessible forests, the reliability of the accuracy was verified by comparing the results of field surveys.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

To examine the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tree growths of central Korea, tree rings of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) , Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and yew (Taxus cuspidata) were analyzed. Korean pine and red pine samples were collected from 4 and 7sites in Sorak Mountain ranges, respectively ; yew from one site in Sobaek Mountain. Correlations between ring-width and monthly temperature data showed generally positive relationships for the Korean pine and yew chronologies, but negative ones for the red pine chronologies. In the analysis of correlation between ring-width and monthly S0 index data, only one Korean pine chronology at the lower Hangaerung valley site, and one red pine chronology at Baekdamjang shelter site showed significant relationships ; negative with April SOI for the former and positive with previous August-September SOI for the latter. The other chronologies at higher elevation sites did not indicate any significant correlations with SOI.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1279-1285
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• 2017

$Amyloid-{\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$) is known to increase free radical production in neuronal cells, leading to cell death by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of $PineXol^{(R)}$ on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ induced neuronal cell death. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were pre-treated with $100{\mu}g/mL$ of $PineXol^{(R)}$ for 2 h. The cells were exposed to single dose of $30{\mu}M$ $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ for 24 h. Cell death was assessed by a cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, lactate and dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. An Apoptotic process was analyzed by a protein expression of the Bcl-2 family using western blotting. Cell viability increased in PC-12 cells treated with both $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ and $PineXol^{(R)}$, compared to the control group. $PineXol^{(R)}$ induced a decrease of the Bcl-2 protein expression (p<0.05), while Bax and Sod1 increased (p<0.05), indicating attenuation of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ induced apoptosis. These results suggest that $PineXol^{(R)}$ may be a good candidate for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease(AD).