• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.393-407
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• 2012

This study suggests the results of temporal and spatial variations for rainfall data in the Korean Peninsula. We got the index of the rainfall amount, frequency and extreme indices from 65 weather stations. The results could be easily understood by drawing the graph, and the Mann-Kendall trend analysis was also used to determine the tendency (up & downward/no trend) of rainfall and temperature where the trend could not be clear. Moreover, by using the FARD, frequency probability rainfalls could be calculated for 100 and 200 years and then compared each other value through the moment method, maximum likelihood method and probability weighted moments. The Average Rainfall Index (ARI) which is meant comprehensive rainfalls risk for the flood could be obtained from calculating an arithmetic mean of the RI for Amount (RIA), RI for Extreme (RIE), and RI for Frequency (RIF) and as well as the characteristics of rainfalls have been mainly classified into Amount, Extremes, and Frequency. As a result, these each Average Rainfall Indices could be increased respectively into 22.3%, 26.2%, and 5.1% for a recent decade. Since this study showed the recent climate change trend in detail, it will be useful data for the research of climate change adaptation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.221-238
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of the standardized Korean nomenclature of 260 Nursing Outcomes Classification(NOC) developed by Johnson and Mass at University of Iowa in 2000. Method: The four phases of the study were: (1) translation of the NOC into Korean by the Research Team, (2) nine nursing professors and nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed each nomenclature taking into consideration of definitions and outcome indicators. The modified Delphi method was used to determine the most appropriate nomenclature for each term, (3) 307 Clinical expert nurses more than three years field experiences were given a questionnaire to rate each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate, and (4) final accordance of Korean Nomenclature. Result: The team determined that 260 Korean nomenclature was appropriately named. because the mean validity score of 260 outcomes was 3.90 and each of 260 Korean nomenclature had a score more than 3.00. Conclusion: Korean nomenclature of NOC can be used as a standardized language of nursing result in a computerized nursing information system.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecosystem of Yeongsan Lake using physical, chemical, and biological indicators. We evaluated the integrative ecosystem health using Lentie Ecosystem Health Assessment (LEHA) model, Qualitative Health Evaluation Index (QHEI) model, and chemical water quality. The models of LEHA and QHEI were modified as 10 and 7 metries attributes, respectively. Also, we analyzed bioaccumulation of total mercury on various fish tissues by method of U.S. EPA 7473 using Direct Mercury Analyzer (Model DMA-80). Model values of LEHA model averaged 19 (range: $14{\sim}26$, n=15), which indicated a "poor" condition, and had slightly spatial variations. Values of the QHEI in the all sites averaged 72, which were judged as a "fair" to "good" condition. The QHEI values varied from 48 (fair condition) to 99 (good condition) and showed large longitudinal gradients between the upper and lower reach. Conductivity and salinity were increased from the up-lake to downlake reach. Analysis of total mercury in fish tissues showed that levels of total Hg ranged between 0.002 and $0.087\;mg\;L^{-1}$ depending on the types of tissues. Overall, the ecosystem health in the Yeongsan Lake was judged as a "poor" and the effects of bioaccumulation on the fish tissues were minor. Therefore, it is necessary to keep an efficient management for the lake environment to maintain their ecological health.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2019

The objective of this study is to suggest the evaluation method, the evaluation index and items, and evaluation criteria for rational and systematic evaluation of the thalassotherapy complex site. Evaluation items and indicators are determined based on overseas cases of thalassotherapy complex, the central governments' thalassotherapy business policy, and the local governments business plan. 3 major evaluation items, 8 middle evaluation items, 5 small evaluation items and 26 evaluation indexes are selected as evaluation items. The evaluation criterion for each evaluation index is then determined. As per the evaluation process, first, weights are assigned to the evaluation items by an evaluation committee composed of experts. Secondly, each committee member assigns a weight and a score to each evaluation indicator for evaluation score calculation. This score is then multiplied by the weight of the evaluation item to determine the final score for each evaluation index. The ultimate scores of all the evaluation indexes are then added to the evaluation score of each committee member. Lastly, the arithmetic mean of the evaluation scores of all committee members becomes the final evaluation result of a site.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

The recent bridge construction projects is demanded more sophisticated risk management measures and loss forecasts to brace for risk losses from an increase in the trend of bridge construction. This study aims to analyze the risk factors that caused the loss of material in actual bridge construction and to develop a quantified predictive loss model, based on the past record of insurance payment by major domestic insurance companies for bridge construction projects. For the development of quantitative bridge construction loss model, the dependent variable was selected as the loss ratio, i.e., the ratio of insurance payout divided by the total project cost, while the independent variable adopted 1) Technical factors: superstructure type, foundation type, construction method, and bridge length 2) Natural hazards: typhoon and flood 3) Project information: construction period and total project cost. Among the selected independent variables, superstructure type, construction method, and project period were shown to affect the ratio of bridge construction losses. The results of this study can provide government agencies, bridge construction design and construction and insurance companies with the quantitative damage prediction and risk assessment services, using risk indicators and loss prediction functions derived from the findings of this study and can be used as a guideline for future basic bridge risk assessment development research.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.157-165
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• 2023

Seafood is a major source of protein in many countries and its consumption is increasing. In Korea, consumption of seafood is increasing, but self-sufficiency rate is decreasing, and the importance of safety management is increasing as the amount of imported seafood increases. There are hundreds of species of aquatic products imported into Korea from over 110 countries, and there is a limit to relying only on the experience of inspectors for safety management of imported aquatic products. Based on the data, a model that can predict the customs inspection results of imported aquatic products is developed, and a machine learning classification model that determines the non-conformity of aquatic products when an import declaration is submitted is created. As a result of customs inspection of imported marine products, the nonconformity rate is less than 1%, which is very low imbalanced data. Therefore, a sampling method that can complement these characteristics was comparatively studied, and a preprocessing method that can interpret the classification result was applied. Among various machine learning-based classification models, Random Forest and XGBoost showed good performance. The model that predicts both compliance and non-conformance well as a result of the clearance inspection is the basic random forest model to which ADASYN and one-hot encoding are applied, and has an accuracy of 99.88%, precision of 99.87%, recall of 99.89%, and AUC of 99.88%. XGBoost is the most stable model with all indicators exceeding 90% regardless of oversampling and encoding type.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2023

Precipitation data is one of the essential input datasets used in various fields such as wetland management, hydrological simulation, and water resource management. In order to efficiently manage water resources using precipitation data, it is essential to secure as much data as possible by minimizing the missing rate of data. In addition, more efficient hydrological simulation is possible if precipitation data for ungauged areas are secured. However, missing precipitation data have been estimated mainly by statistical equations. The purpose of this study is to propose a new method to restore missing precipitation data using machine learning algorithms that can predict new data based on correlations between data. Moreover, compared to existing statistical methods, the applicability of machine learning techniques for restoring missing precipitation data is evaluated. Representative machine learning algorithms, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF), were applied. For the performance of classifying the occurrence of precipitation, the RF algorithm has higher accuracy in classifying the occurrence of precipitation than the ANN algorithm. The F1-score and Accuracy values, which are evaluation indicators of the classification model, were calculated as 0.80 and 0.77, while the ANN was calculated as 0.76 and 0.71. In addition, the performance of estimating precipitation also showed higher accuracy in RF than in ANN algorithm. The RMSE of the RF and ANN algorithms was 2.8 mm/day and 2.9 mm/day, and the values were calculated as 0.68 and 0.73.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.280-298
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• 2021

As the development automated vehicles(AV) actively progresses around the world, the demand for a reasonable and systematic evaluation method for AVs is increasing. Research on scenarios, evaluation procedures, and methods for evaluating AVs conducted in simulations and proving ground(PG) is actively conducted internationally. In contrast, methods and procedures for evaluations on real roads are still in their infancy internationally. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on evaluating AVs on real roads in preparation for future use of AVs. This study aims to define the basic direction for evaluating the driving safety of AVs on real roads. To this end, the evaluation direction and process of AVs were presented on the real roads, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation indicators were selected to evaluate driving safety. A total of 38 items were selected based on the Road Traffic Act as qualitative evaluation items for evaluating the driving safety of AVs on real roads.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.437-447
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• 2017

In current, there has not been the evaluation model for the optimum design of the multi-utility tunnel by considering urban type and size, the function of surrounding road and feasibility analyses with respect to construction method, and arrangement of accommodation facilities inside multi-utility tunnel. Thus, in this study, we developed the evaluation model for the optimum design of the multi-utility tunnel before and after the decision of the multi-utility tunnel installation. In this paper, we have selected the Deming cycle which is used in various fields among several decision methods for optimizing the design. For the purpose of reflecting the various factors in the design of the multi-utility tunnel, 11 higher indicators were set up to lead to more detailed approaches. In addition, based on the "Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA)" circulation method, we can realize the installation of the multi-utility tunnel and design more efficiently through the first phase for conception and the second phase for optimization, and develop the program for the evaluation model accordingly.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.215-230
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• 2019

The objective of this research is to evaluate the water quality characteristics using the statistical analysis of major tributaries in the Han River and to provide water quality improvement plan by selecting tributaries that should be preferentially managed by river grade classification method. The major 15 tributaries in Han River watershed were monitored for discharge and water quality during January-December 2017. As a result of the correlation analysis, the river discharge has been not correlation with other water quality constituents (p>0.05) but COD and TOC were significantly correlated (r=0.957, p<0.01). The main cause of water quality fluctuation was organic pollutants and nutrients in the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The BOD, COD, TOC, TN, and TP were found to be significantly different (p<0.05) by seasonal in result of one-way ANOVA analysis. Result of river grade classification by quantitative indicators the tributaries requiring improvement of water quality were Gulpocheon, Anyangcheon, Wangsukcheon, and Tancheon which affected by wastewater treatment plant.In this research, we determined tributaries that need to improve the water quality of Han River watershed and it can be used as an important data for efficient water quality management.