• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2005

Xerostomia is defined as a subjective complaint of dry mouth that may be perceived when there is insufficient mucosal wetting. However, the diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia is not that simple because of the fact that the subjective awareness of dry mouth is not always correlated with a diminution in the flow of saliva and there is always a difference between individuals in salivary flow rates needed for normal oral function. In the present study, the aim was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate the dry mouth symptoms and to analyze its reliability and usability as a diagnostic and analytic tool for xerostomia. The questionnaire which consists of 6 Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) type questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness and 4 questions to evaluate behavior to avoid oral dryness was developed and administered twice with 1 week's interval to the healthy 88 young adults without dry mouth symptoms(44 males and 44 females; mean age was $25.6{\pm}3.1$ years in male and $24.3{\pm}2.1$ years in female). The results were as follows. 1 The intraclass correlation coefficients of 6 questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness were as significantly high as 0.767 for the degree of oral dryness at other times of the day, 0.850 for the amount of saliva in the mouth, and 0.791 for the degree of effect on daily life due to oral dryness and as high as 0.563 for the degree of oral dryness at night or on awakening, 0.674 for the degree of oral dryness during eating, and 0.641 for the degree of difficulty in swallowing foods. 2. Cronbach's alpha value of 6 questions was 0.982. It can be concluded that the series of questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness has high internal consistency. 3. Cohen's kappa values of 4 questions to evaluate behavior to relieve oral dryness were as significantly high as 0.850 for the frequency of keeping a glass of water at the bedside and as high as 0.506 the frequency of awakening during sleeping due to oral dryness, 0.419 for the frequency of sipping liquids to aid in eating dry foods, and 0.407 for the frequency of using a candy or chewing gum due to oral dryness. From the results, it can be concluded that the questionnaire consisting of 6 VAS type questions to evaluate the subjective oral dryness and 4 questions to evaluate behavior to relieve oral dryness has reliability of good to excellent level, and that the series of 6 VAS type questions has significantly high internal consistency to evaluate the subjective oral dryness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.59-66
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• 2020

Recently, cultivation and management technologies have been needed to adapt due to climate change, which is causing abnormal weather conditions. One technique is to increase the utilization of evergreen broad-leaved species with high ornamental value. A total of five treatments were installed (1m×22.5m), including 60g/㎡ and 80g/㎡ using two types mulching material with an overlapping and hole-drilling mulching method and these were compared to un-mulching treatment a total of planted 92㎡ attheWol-aTestSiteForestattheForestforBiomaterialsResearchCenterinJinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-dofor 10monthsusing3-years-oldQuercusglaucaThunb. In comparison with the control site, the 60g/㎡ overlapping method was about 1.9 times higher than the root collar diameter, but there was no statistical significance between the treatments. Healthy seedlings were found to meet these conditions due to high biomass values and below and T/R ratios of 3.0 or lower and H/D ratios of 7.0 or lower. Comparing the values of LWR, SWR, and RWR, which can be evaluated for seedling due to the mulching treatments, as compared to the control, the growth of the ground areas including leaves and stems was enhanced, but the growth of the underground areas containing roots tended to have high control values. Based on this, the SQI value, which can be evaluated for the comprehensive quality of seedlings, was found to be significantly different between the control site and the mulching treatment sites, confirming that the growth and growth improvement effects were achieved with mulching treatments. The chlorophyll content analysis showed that there was a significant difference from the control site, and it was judged that weed generation in the control acted as an environmental stress, causing a decrease in chlorophyll content. It was found that the overlapping 80g/㎡ of polypropylene mulching material generated about 4 times fewer weeds than the control, and the manpower required for the mulching test field and weeding were equal at 3.3 people/100㎡/1 day. Mulching treatments have demonstrated a significant difference in the promotion of growth and quality of the seedlings and are judged as an alternative that can reduce the economic burden incurred by the purchase of the supplies and the manpower required to weed forestry plantations.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-153
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to get the basic information from patients how much they understood about their medication and also to know whether patients are making reasonable drug choice between Health Functional Foods and Herbal medicine. Methods 500 questionnaires were handed out to the parents of students in two elementary schools located in OO, Junlabukdo province. 421 questionnaires were completed to be evaluated. Results Among 421 subjects, 53.0% were female, and 47.0% were male. The percentages of the subjects consuming Health Functional Foods and herbal medicine were67.7% and 67.8%, respectively. Among those people who consumed Health Functional Food, 44.1% were using nutritional supplements, red ginseng or ginseng products (26.9%), chlorella products (11.5%), and plum extract products (7.7%). As for the reason to consume Health Functional Foods were varied, but 'in order to be healthy, although currently displaying no illness.'(43.0%) were the most responses among the given choices. On the other hand, the reason for consuming herbal medicine was 'In order to grow taller'(26.1%), 'In order to cure weak physical state frequently displaying common illnesses',(25.9%), and 'In order to cure diseases.'(23.3%). For the questions about effectiveness after consumption,the 69.9% subjects said that it seemed to be effected, and that % was slightly higher than that of subjects with consuming Health Functional Foods(64.4%). For question concerning preferences between Health Functional Foods and herbal medicine, 57.5% chose herbal medicine, and this percentage was higher than that of Health Functional Foods(42.5%).As for the reasons of additional consumption of the Health Functional Foods, subject answered as 'Easy to consume.'(41,6%), which was the most common among the subjects consuming Health Functional Foods. On other hand, the subjects of herbal medicine answered as that herbal medicine is 'more effective'(45.7%), and 'more trustworthy in preventing side-effects.'(40.3%). After consumption of the herbal medication, only 3.9% of the subjects consuming either Health Functional Foods or herbal medicine had side-effects. The most common side-effects were 'dermal reaction' which is normally caused by Health Functional Foods and 'indigestion' problems caused by herbal consumption. Conclusions According to the 421 subjects those involved in study, the percentages of consuming Health Functional Foods(67.7%) and herbal medicine(67.8%) were similar. The most commonly consumed products were a type of Health Functional Foods which were the nutrition-supplying products. Ginseng or red ginseng products were the next commonly used products. Health Functional Foods were commonly consumed for preventing illness and maintaining health rather than any other purpose. In contrary, herbal medicines were more commonly consumed for purposes such as for growth or treating certain type of disease. As a result of consumption, more than half of both subject replied as 'satisfied'. As for the side effects, dermal reaction was the most common problem for those with consuming Health Functional Foods, while indigestion was the most common side effect from the subjects with consuming herbal medicine.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.222-239
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on the psychomotor performance and subjective assessment in healthy Korean adults with acetaldehyde dehydrogenase I(ALDH-I) isozyme variance. A total of 20 male subjects, half with active ALDH-I and the other half with inactive ALDH-I, were selected through both a self-reporting questionnaire examining alcohol sensitivity and the Higuchi's ethanol patch test detecting ALDH-I deficiency. In a doule-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design, each subject consumed four doses of alcohol(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0g/kg) and placebo on five separate occasions at weekly intervals, Treatment order was fully balanced using a $5{\times}5$ Latin square, Psychomotor performance tests[coritical flicker fusion threshold(CFF) and choice reaction time(CRT)] and self-estimate questionnaires were conducted at baseline and at time points of 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after consuming the test drug for 20 minutes, Blood alcohol concentrations(BACs) using breath analyzer were measured at baseline and at time points of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180 minutes after drinking, The BACs and the mean changes in the psychomotor performances and subjective assessments from pre-alcohol baseline, were compared between the two groups. The findings were summarized as follows : 1) BACs were tended to be higher in the inactive group than the active in all of the four alcohol doses. However significant group differences were only after the 0.5g/kg dose of alcohol. 2) The inactive group showed significant impairment in CFFT at most time points alter 0.75 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol. 3) In CRT, total reaction time(TRT) significantly prolonged in the inactive group than the active group at 20 minutes after 0.25 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol and at 40, 60, 90 minutes alter 0.75g/kg dose of alcohol. In the inactive group, recognition time component significantly increased at 20, 60, 90 minutes after 1.0g/kg dose of alcohol, while movement time component significantly increased at 40, 60 minutes after 0.75g/kg dose of alcohol. 4) Subjective evaluation of the effect of alcohol revealed that physical and mental conditions as well as a self-estimate of the effects of alcohol on performance were significantly worse in the inactive group than the active at some time points alter all of the lour alcohol doses, wihch were more pronounced after 0.75 and 1.0g/kg doses of alcohol. 5) Most of the group differences mentioned above, still remained statistically significant after BAC was entered as a covariate, These findings demonstrated that the alcohol sensitivity is higher in individuals with inactive ALDH-I than those with active ALDH-I both on the subjective assessments and the objective psychomotor performances. Furthermore, these results suggest thai the alcohol sensitivity may be determined by acetaldehyde concentration rather than BAC per se. In future studies, after more accurate genotyping for ALDH-I, the relationships between BAC, acetaldehyde concentration and alcohol sensitivities should be clearly defined.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.103-139
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• 2002

Korean society has significantly changed with the onset of a dramatic economic crisis in 1998. From 2000, however, the Korean economy has recovered and currently Korea is enjoying a similar standard of living and economic growth as the pre-1998 levels. This study is a follow-up analysis, comparing the results examining the success attribution of Korean students and adults in 2001 with the results obtained before the economic crisis in 1997. Using the indigenous psychological approach, this study compares the similarities and differences in Korean students and adults' attribution of their personal success before and after the economic crisis. A total of 988 participants, consisting of 481 primary, junior high, senior high and university students and 507 adults (236 fathers and 271 mothers of the students) completed the questionnaire developed by Kim and Park (1998). The results indicate that students perceived their academic achievement and adults perceived successful family life as their most proud achievement. Successful family life included items such as academic success of children, healthy development of their children, and harmonious family life. The person who provided the most significant support for students were parents and for adults, it was their spouse. For students, the importance of friends' social support increased during the high school years. In terms of type of social support, emotional support was reported to be the most important for both students and adults. As for the reason for their success, majority of students and men reported self-regulation and for women, supportive family environment was reported as being the most important. Comparing 2001 results with the 1997 results, the importance of family increased after the economic crisis. Even with the dramatic economic crisis, however, some of the underlying pattern remain strong (such as importance of academic achievement for students, family life for adults, the importance of social support, especially emotional social support from family members, and believing that self-regulation would lead to success). The similar pattern of results obtain before and after the economic crisis indicate that the above results reflect a fundamental values and belief system deeply imbedded in Korean mentality.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.159-162
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• 2006

This study examined the relationship between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. related to dental caries and the degree of acidity in saliva. A total of 240 saliva samples were taken from 80 subjects at the faculty of dentistry in Skopje, Macedonia. The saliva samples were taken by stimulating saliva production stimulation with paraffin chewing. However, no stimulation was applied when obtaining the samples used for measuring the pH. The data showed that in the caries group, S. mutans in 1 ml of saliva formed colonies with confluent growth (CFU > $10^6$ and $10^4-10^5$) in 100% of samples, whereas the Lactobacillus spp. formed colonies with confluent growth in 78.3%. In contrast, no colonies with confluent growth (CFU > $10^6$ and $10^5$) were found in the control group (with healthy intact teeth). In the caries group, the pH of the saliva was slightly acidic (pH = 5.90 - 6.50) and the buffering capacity was very low (below 0.7 ml of saliva per min). On the other hand, the pH of the saliva in the control group was neutral (pH 7.01 - 7.7) and the buffering capacity was high (over 1 ml of saliva per min). The increased number of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. in 1 ml of saliva (above $10^5$ CFU or more) from the CRT (Caries Risk Test, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) bacteria test can indicate an increased caries risk as well as slightly higher acidity of the saliva. Overall, these results reveal that the caries risk can be predicted by simply measuring the pH and buffering capacity of saliva, and can be used to monitor the effect of dental hygiene practices with the aim of preventing dental caries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6403-6409
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• 2013

Purpose: Biallelic germline variants of the 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OG) repair gene MYH have been associated with colorectal neoplasms that display somatic $G:C{\rightarrow}T:A$ transversions. However, the effect of single germline variants has not been widely studied, prompting the present investigation of monoallelic MYH variants and susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Chinese population. Patients and Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2012, 400 cases of sporadic CRC and 600 age- and sex-matched normal blood donors were screened randomly for 7 potentially pathogenic germline MYH exons using genetic testing technology. Variants of heterozygosity at the MYH locus were assessed in both sporadic cancer patients and healthy controls. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine risk factors for cancer onset. Results: Five monoallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the 7 exon regions of MYH, which were detected in 75 (18.75%) of 400 CRC patients as well as 42 (7%) of 600 normal controls. The region of exon 1 proved to be a linked polymorphic region for the first time, a triple linked variant including exon 1-316 $G{\rightarrow}A$, exon 1-292 $G{\rightarrow}A$ and intron 1+11 $C{\rightarrow}T$, being identified in 13 CRC patients and 2 normal blood donors. A variant of base replacement, intron 10-2 $A{\rightarrow}G$, was identified in the exon 10 region in 21 cases and 7 controls, while a similar type of variant in the exon 13 region, intron 13+12 $C{\rightarrow}T$, was identified in 8 cases and 6 controls. Not the only but a newly missense variant in the present study, p. V463E (Exon 14+74 $T{\rightarrow}A$), was identified in exon 14 in 6 patients and 1 normal control. In exon 16, nt. 1678-80 del GTT with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was identified in 27 CRC cases and 26 controls. There was no Y165C in exon 7 or G382D in exon 14, the hot-spot variants which have been reported most frequently in Caucasian studies. After univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, the linked variant in exon 1 region (p=0.002), intron 10-2 $A{\rightarrow}G$ (p=0.004) and p. V463E (p=0.036) in the MYH gene were selected as 3 independent risk factors for CRC. Conclusions: According to these results, the linked variant in Exon 1 region, Intron 10-2 $A{\rightarrow}G$ of base replacement and p. V463E of missense variant, the 3 heterozygosity variants of MYH gene in a Chinese population, may relate to the susceptibility to sporadic CRC. Lack of the hot-spot variants of Caucasians in the present study may due to the ethnic difference in MYH gene.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.361-373
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• 2019

Falls are a threat to the physical health of the elderly as well as to their overall quality of life. The purpose of this study was to identify which type of exercise is effective for improving the balance of the elderly, and to obtain the basic data for developing the falls prevention exercise intervention program for the elderly. We compared to the differential effects between rhythmic step exercise and core muscle strengthening exercise in terms of functional balance test and self-reported balance test. Women older than 65 years and under 80 years of age were assigned to one of the step exercise group(21), core muscle exercise group(20), and control group(21), and for 8 weeks, twice per week, 20-30 minutes of exercise were treated. All participants performed one foot static balance test with open and closed eyes. And they responded to self-reported balance test, such as Fall Efficacy Scale(FES) and Activities-specific Balance Confidence(ABC) Scale. The results of statistical analysis are summarized as follows. First, rhythmic stepping exercise was more effective in improving functional balance than core muscle strengthening exercise. In particular, the effect of step exercise was obvious in the one-foot static balance test with open eyes. Second, the self-reported balance test showed better step exercise than core muscle exercise. Specifically, rhythmic step exercise was more effective in enhancing fall efficacy than core muscle exercise. In conclusion, the rhythmic step exercise was more effective in improving the balance ability of the elderly than the core muscle exercise. The rhythmic step exercise is more related to the lower extremity muscles, and especially since the rhythmic step exercise is performed in various ground changes, it seems to have a high similarity to the fall occurrence situation. For future research, we recommended the development of task-oriented ankle proprioceptive exercise intervention program and exercise equipment based on the specific motion situation in which the fall accident occurs in the elderly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.468-476
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• 2020

This study was performed to establish light intensity conditions for producing stem cuttings for aeroponic systems suitable for seed potato production using a closed-type plant production system. Shoot tip cultured plantlets of 'Sumi' and 'Chubaek' potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were acclimatized, cuttings were collected, and stem cuttings were planted. The seedlings were raised for 40 days at different LED light intensities (60, 120, 180, and 240 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), and were cultivated in an aeroponic system for 80 days. When stem cuttings were raised at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 LED light intensity, the plant height was the longest, at 17.3 cm for 'Sumi' and 16.1 cm for 'Chubaek', and the number of nodes was the highest in both cultivars. The higher light intensities, produced smaller plants with fewer nodes. The leaf areas, SPAD values, and Fv/Fm values differed slightly between cultivars. The fresh weight of stem cuttings, and the production rate of healthy stem cuttings were the highest at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. In the aeroponic system, seedlings raised at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 with LED light intensity showed a difference between the cultivars, but the fresh weight of stems and leaves above the planting plate was the heaviest. In addition, below the planting plate the stem cuttings were longest and the root weight was heaviest at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 LED light intensity. The number of stolons also differed between cultivars, but was greatest for seedlings raised at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 LED light intensity, at 4.2/plant for 'Sumi' and 7.7/plant for 'Chubaek'. At 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 LED light intensity, the tuber number and total tuber weight were the best, but the higher the light intensity, the smaller the total tuber number and total tuber weight for both cultivars. In conclusion, when producing potato stem cuttings for aeroponic systems using a closed-type plant production system, the most suitable LED light intensity for raising seedlings was found to be 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.