• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.125-135
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• 1989

정신지체아 발생의 환경인자로서의 납의 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 인제조직내의 축적된 납과 아연의 함량과 정신장애 정도와의 상관성을 보았다. 대상은 정신지체아 교육기관 2곳의 계 297명을 택하였다(부모가 있는 군 132명, 없는 군 165명). 대조군은 시내 모 국민학교에 정상적으로 수업을 받는 63명을 심의로 선택하였다. 재료는 대상자의 후두부의 모발을 채취하여 원자흡광분광광도계로 분석하였다. 두발중 납의 평균함량은 정신지체아에서 $14.97{\pm}3.71ppm$으로 정상아의 $11.36{\pm}2.83ppm$보다 유의하게 높았으며 아연 함량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 납은 장애자 중 연령과 성별 그리고 가정이 있는 경우와 없는 경우 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 지능지수와는 유의한 역상관을 나타내었다. 아연은 연령에 따라서는 유의한 상관성을 보였으나 지능지수와는 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 정신지체아에 수반된 장애로 언어장애, 정서장애, 지체부자유, 이중 및 삼중장애, 감각이상, 식습관이상 등이 있으나 감각이상과 식습성을 제외하고 모두 정상군에 비하여 평균 납함량이 유의하게 높으나 정신지체아이면서 수반된 장애가 없는 군과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 정신지체아에 수반된 질병은 몽고증, 자폐증, 뇌성마비, 간질 및 소뇌증이 있었으나 몽고증의 평균 납 함량에 비하여 뇌성마비와 수반된 질병이 없는 경우와는 유의하게 높은 차이가 있었다. 그들의 병력을 외적 요인과 내적 요인으로 구별해 보았으나 상호 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 정신지체와 납 사이에는 어느 정도 관계가 있는 것으로 추측되므로 이때의 접촉 기회에 대한 고찰은 모자보건학 상 중요한 과제가 된다고 생각되며 추후 계속 연구해 보아야 할 것 같다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.257-270
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• 1996

Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection ＆ analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss ＆ Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2000

목 적：만성 신체 질환 아동의 우울, 자기 개념 및 스트레스에 대한 지각과 대처 양상에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법：연구 대상자는 서울대학교 병원 어린이 병원에 입원해 있거나 외래에 다니는 환아 13명과 정상아동 13명으로 구성되었다. 만성 질환 아동군은 Schiffer 등(1963)이 만성 환자군으로 정의한 조작적 정의에 근거하여 최소한 3개월 이상 질환을 앓고 있거나 앓았던 적이 있으며, 현재도 그 질환으로 인해 지속적인 치료를 받고 있는 정형외과, 소아과 아동을 대상으로 하였다. 정상 아동군은 그러한 병력이 없는 아동 13명을 대상으로 하였다. 검사 도구는 피어스-해리스 자기 개념 척도, 소아 우울 척도, 투사적 검사(나의 기분을 색으로 표현하기, 다른 사람으로 인한 나의 기분을 색으로 표현하기, 비속의 아이)를 실시하였다. 결 과：만성 질환 아동군과 정상 아동군을 비교한 결과, 만성 질환 아동군이 소아 우울 척도에서 유의미하게 높은 점수를 보였으며, 자기 개념 척도에서는 보다 유의미하게 낮은 점수를 보였다. 또한 자기 개념 척도의 하위 항목인'인기도' 및 '학습 상태'에서 유의미하게 점수가 낮았다. 투사 과제의 경우,'색으로 표현하기' 과제에서는 집단간의 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 스트레스에 대한 지각 및 대처를 평가하는 '비속의 아이' 과제에서는 하위 항목(비의 양, 기간, 도구, 효율성) 모두에서 집단간의 차이를 보였다. 비속의 아이 과제와 우울 점수, 자기 개념 점수와의 상관 계수를 구한 결과, '비가 오는 기간' 항목이 우울 점수와는 정적 상관을, 자기 개념 점수와는 높은 부적 상관을 보였다. 결 론：만성 질환 아동군이 정상 아동군 보다 더 우울하며, 자기 개념이 더 부정적이었다. 또한, 이들이 지각하는 스트레스는 상당히 지속적이고 장기적이며, 이에 대해 대처할 수 있는 스스로의 능력이나 전략을 사용하는 데 있어서는 매우 무기력한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 만성적인 신체 질환이 아동의 정신 건강 및 심리적 적응에 있어서 위험 요인이 될 수 있음을 시사해 준다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2007

이 연구는 학생들이 유니버설디자인과 편의시설에 대한 이해를 증진시키고자 유니버설디자인을 적응한 편의시설 가운데 학교편의시설의 접근성을 실험하는 장애체험활동 교수 학습과정안을 개발하고 이 과정안에 따라 장애체험활동을 함으로써 학교편의시설의 실태를 파악하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 개발한 자료는 학교편의시설 실험활동에 활용할 2차시분의 장애체험활동 교수 학습과정안과 장애체험활동 기록지, 활동 평가에 사용할 활동 평가지가 있다. 연구 대상학교는 통합교육을 실시하는 중학교 2개 학교와 일반 중학교 5개 학교로 설립기준, 지역, 건축년도, 학급 수, 건물 층수, 학교형태, 통합교육 실시여부 등을 고려하여 편의시설이 다양한 7개 학교를 임의 선정하였다. 대상학생 수는 학교별로 30명씩 희망자를 선정하고 실제 장애우(4명)를 포함하여 총 214명이 참여하였다. 각 실험조는 손이나 팔 장애우 팀, 목발 장애우팀, 휠체어 장애우팀과 더불어 비장애우 1개팀 총 15명으로 구성하였다. 학교편의시설 장애체험활동으로 학교편의시설의 접근성을 2005년 11월 26일부터 12월 24일까지 실험하였으며, 학교편의시설 평가는 장애체험활동 기록지 185부와 활동 평가지 200부를 평가하였다. 수집된 자료는 Spss/Win(version 10.0)을 이용하여 빈도 평균 백분율, 교차분석, t 검증, 일원분산분석, 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석을 하였다. 연구 결과, 학교편의시설이 편의증진법의 학교편의시설 기준에 미달되거나 설치율이 낮으며, 설치되어 있어도 접근하기 어렵거나 이용이 불편한 시설이 맡았기 때문에 대부분의 학생들이 학교에서 안전사고나 부상을 많이 경험하고 있었고, 학교편의시설에 대한 위험하고 불편하여 개선할 시설로 화장실, 복도, 계단을 지적하여 접근성 평가의 학교편의시설 실태와 일치하였다. 장애체험활동 교수 학습과정 안에 대한 평가는 장애체험활동에 대한 의견은 내용이 유익하고 만족스러우며 수업 시간에 배워야 할 내용으로 평가하였으며, 이 의견보다 학교편의시설을 바르게 설치해야하는 중요성을 알게 되거나 관심을 갖게 되었다는 인식 변화가 더 높았다. 학교편의시설의 불편한 점을 알게 되거나 학교편의시설이 장애우에게 불편할 것이라는 것을 알게 되었다는 비판 의식은 세요인 중 가장 높아 장애체험활동을 통해 학교편의시설의 접근성을 실험하는 교수 학습은 학교편의시설의 개념을 이해와 실태를 파악하여 학교편의시설이나 생활환경에 관심을 갖게 되고, 장애우 통합교육을 위한 학교의 물리적 환경 개선을 위해 효과적인 교육 프로그램으로 활용할 수 있으며 모든 사람들과 더불어 생활하는 공동체의식을 높이는데 기여할 것이다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.132-144
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• 2017

본 연구는 장애인 보조기기 렌탈서비스를 이용하는 뇌병변 및 지체 장애아의 보조공학기기 사용 만족도와 심리사회적 영향과의 관련성을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 연구의 대상은 광주광역시와 전라남도 지역에서 2011년부터 2015년 5월까지 장애인 보조기기 렌탈서비스를 이용하고 있는 뇌병변 및 지체 장애아 120명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 통해 이용 장애아의 일반적 특성, 보조공학기기 사용실태와 만족도, 심리사회적인 영향 정도를 조사하였다. 분석방법으로 빈도와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차를 이용하여 결과를 제시하였으며, 대상자의 특성에 따른 보조공학기기 사용 만족도와 심리사회적인 영향 비교는 t-검정과 분산분석을 이용하여 알아보았고, 보조공학기기 사용 만족도와 심리사회적인 영향과의 관련성은 피어슨 상관관계 분석을 실시하여 파악하였다. 연구결과 보조 공학기기 전체 만족도 점수는 $4.08{\pm}0.66$점이었고, 하위영역인 보조기기 만족도 점수는 $4.01{\pm}0.70$점, 서비스 만족도 점수는 $4.14{\pm}0.90$이었다. 장애아의 심리사회적인 영향은 하위영역인 자기욕구 실현능력 $0.99{\pm}0.78$점, 적응력 $1.04{\pm}0.86$점, 자존감 $0.99{\pm}0.74$점이었고, 전체 점수 평균은 $1.00{\pm}0.75$점이었다. 보조공학기기 사용 만족도는 장애아의 건강상태, 주양육자의 학력과 보조공학기기 사용시간에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 장애아의 심리사회적 영향은 보조공학기기 사용시간에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 보조공학기기 사용 만족도와 심리사회적인 영향은 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다(단순상관; r=.503, p<.001 vs. 편상관; r=.440, p<0.001). 결론적으로 본 연구에서는 뇌병변 및 지체 장애인에게 보조공학기기 사용 만족도와 심리사회적인 영향과는 상관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 국내 보조공학기기의 효과적인 보급과 활성화를 위해 더 광범위한 장애유형과 서비스 영역을 대상으로 한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.457-468
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• 2006

정상인과 정신지체인 그리고 다운증후군 환자에서 치주상태 및 치주질환 원인균의 출현율을 비교 평가하고자 정상 학생 65명과 정신지체를 가진 학생 34명, 다운증후군을 가진 학생 28명, 총 127명을 조사대상으로 치태지수와 치은지수를 측정하고 치은연하 치태에 존재하는 Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia(B. forsythus), Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomyce temcomitans 균을 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용하여 검사하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 치태지수와 치은지수는 정신지체인군과 다운증후군 환자군에서 정상인군보다 높았다. 2. 정신지체인군과 다운증후군 환자군은 정상인군에 비해 치주질환 원인균의 출현율이 높았으며 특히 P. gingivalis와 T. denticola. A. actinomycetemcomitans가 유의한 차이를 보였다. 다운증후군 환자군과 정신지체인군의 비교시 치주질환 원인균의 출현율은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3. 연령별 비교시 정상인군의 P. gingivalis는 14세이상군에서 크게 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 정신지체인군과 다운증후군 환자군에서 P. gingivalis는 정상인군보다 조기에 더 높은 비율로 출현하였으며 연령의 증가에 따라 증가양상을 보였다. T. denticola, A. actinomycetemcomitans는 정상인군보다 정신지체인군과 다운증후군 환자군에서 모든 연령대에서 높은 비율을 보였다. 4. 치태지수는 T. denticola와 유의한 관련성이 있었으며, 치은지수는 T. denticola, A. actinomycetemcomitans와 높은 관련성을 보여주었다. 이상의 결과를 요약해 보면 정신지체인군과 다운증후군 환자군은 정상인군보다 치태지수, 치은지수가 더 높았으며, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, A. actinomycetemcomitans의 출현율에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 다운증후군 환자군과 정신지체인군은 치주질환 원인균이 어린 시기부터 매우 높게 출현하였으며, 두 군간에는 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.93-111
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• 1996

The purpose of the study is to identify the lived experience of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy in order to understand their agony. Moreover, the result of study was to find some nursing intervention for disabled children and their mothers. For this purpose, ten mothers who are willing to cooperate with this research were selected at random from those who have children with the cerebral palsy, currently using the municipal facilities for the handicapped with cerebral malfunction. Data collection was done from October 4, 1994 th December 31, 1994. The data were collected by asking the mothers mentioned above with some unstructured open-ended questions, recorded on the tapes with permission by the interviewee in order to prevent missing of the interviewed contents. These collected data have been substantiated and properly analyzed on the basis of phenomenological approach initiated by Colaizzi's method. The results and validity are proved to be credible by means of the individual checking of the interviewed mothers. The results of this study are as follows : 1. When the mother is first informed of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy on her child, she usually misses the crucial timing needed for proper treatment of the child's disorder because she is notified through the doctor's indifference and his apparently inactive, matter-of-fact attitude. At first she suspects the doctor's diagnosis and tries to attribute it to the unknown cause from a certain genetic problem and then she quickly wants to deny the whole situation that her child is really suffering from the cerebral palsy. The reality is too much for her to accept as it is and she would not believe her child is abnormal. Therefore, she even attempts depend on the power of God for its solution. 2. The mother, who goes thorough this kind of uncommon experiences, is totally devoted to the treatment and care of the child and completely ignores her own life and happiness. At the same time, she feels sorry for her other normal children she believes having not enough care and concern. Also, she feels sorry for the sick child when the child's brothers or sisters show special concern for the patient out of sympathy. It is sorry and not satisfied for her that the child is growing with abnormality and neighbor other around have inappropriate attitudes. Likewise, she is discontent with her husband's lack of concern about the child's treatment. She believes that the health care system in this society isn't fulfilling its due purpose. In the state of her utmost distress and anxiety, she always feels the need of competent consultants, and is angry about that her child is treated as an abnormal being, she is trying to hide the child from other people and to make him or her disappear, if possible. Although she doesn't have harmonious relation with her husband, she id happy when he shows his affection for the child and she feels relieved and thankful when the relatives don't mention about the child's condition Since the child's overall status of health is continuously in unstable conditions, requiring her all-time readiness for an emergency, she feels guilty of her child's illness toward the fEmily members as if it was her own fault to have borne such an abnormal child and she feels responsible for the child morally and financially if necessary Because her life is centered on taking care of the child, she cannot afford to enjoy her own life and happiness. She is a lonely mother, fatigued, with no proper relationship with other people around her. With this sense of guilt and responsibility as a mother of an unusual disease, she has no choice but to grieve her destiny from which she is not allowed to escape. 3. Nevertheless, the mother with the child suffering from the cerebral palsy does not easily give up the hope of getting her child cured and she believes that in the long run, though slower than hoped, her abnormal son or daughter will be eventually cured to become a normal sibling someday. This kind of hope is sustained by the mother's strong faith coming from observing the progress of other similar children getting better. Sometimes she is encouraged to have this faith by other mothers who share the same painful experiences, believing that her child will improve even more rapidly than others with the same palsy. Full of hope, she painstakingly waits for the child's healing. Moreover, she plans to have another child. she thinks that the patient child's brothers and sisters only can truly understand and look after the patients. However, when she notices that the progress of other children under the treatment does not look so hopeful, she is distressed by the thoughts that her child may never get well. Too, she is worried that the patient's brother or sister will be born as the same invalid with the cerebral disease. She is discouraged to have another baby as much as she is encouraged to. She is also troubled by the thought that in case she has another baby, she will have to be forced. to neglect the patient child, especially when she does have an extra hand or some reliable person to help her with taking care of the patient.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13-32
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• 1998

A questionaire was conducted to obtain ran satisfactions in information of the 325 disabled persons among the total 9,314 handicapped people in Taejon area, and was surveyed during the period of June 1 to August 31, 1997. The results are as follows: 1. Among the studied disabled persons, $54.5\%$ of male, and $45.5\%$ of female. 2. Before disabled in occupation, $32.0\%$ of out of work group were high, $6.5\%$ of farm, student group were low. Before disabled in occupation by gender, male group is $29.9\%$ of out of work group were high, $0.6\%$ of housework group were low. female group is$34.5\%$ of out of work group were high, $4.7\%$ of student group were low(P<0.001). 3. After disabled in occupation, $75.1\%$ of out of work group wert high, $10.8\%$ of in working group were low. After disabled in occupation by gender, male group is $87.6\%$ of out of work group were high, $1.7\%$ of housework group were low. female group is $60.1\%$ of out of work group were hgh, $10.8\%$ of in working group were low(P<0.001). 4. Medical security status, $64.9\%$ of medical aid group wore high, $35.1\%$ of medical insurance group were low. Medical security status by gender, male group is $71.2\%$ of medical aid group were high, $28.8\%$ of medical insurance group were Iew. female group is $57.4\%$ of medical aid group wan high, $42.6\%$ of medical insurance were low(P<0.01). 5. Disabled record status, $68.6\%$ of record group were high, $31.4\%$ of non group were low. Disabled record status by gender, male group is $78.5\%$ of record group were high, $21.5\%$ of non record group were low. female group is $56.6\%$ of record group were high, $43.4%$ of non record group were low(P<0.001). 6. Disabled duration status, $42.2\%$ of loss than 9 year group were high, $10.2\%\;of\;20-29,\;30-39$ year group were low. Disabled duration status by gender,'male group is $44.6\%$ of less than 9 year group were high, $6.2\%$ of 20-29 year group wert low. female group is $39.2\%$ of less than 9 year were high, $39.2\%$ of 30-39 year group were low (P<0.05). 7. Cause of disabled status, $26.5\%$ of other group, $23.7\%$ of congenital group were high. $9.2\%$ of unknown group, $6.8\%$ of industry accident, $2.5\%$ of drug poisoning group were low. Cause of disabled status by gender, male group is $27.7\%$ of other group, $23.7\%$ of congenital group were high, $2.3\%$ drug poisoning group were low. female group is $25.0\%$ of other group, $20.9\%$ of congenital group were high, $2.5\%$ of drug poisoning group were low (P<0.001). 8. Disabled type status, $19.4\%$ of double disabled group were high, $2.2\%$ of muscle paralysis group were low. Disabled type status by gender, male group is $22.0\%$ of double disabled group were high, $2.3\%$ of muscle paralysis group were low. female group is $23.3\%$ of rheumatism group were high, $0.7\%$ of amputation group were low(P<0.001). 9. Smoking status, $73.2\%$ of non smoking group were high, $26.8\%$ of smoking group were low. Smoking status by gender, male group is $59.9\%$ of double non smoking group were high, $40.1\%$ of Smoking group were low, female group is $89.2\%$ of non smoking group were high, $10.8\%$ of smoking group were low(P<0.001). 10. Drinking status, $80.0\%$ of non drinking group were high, $20.0\%$ of drinking group were low. Drinking status by gender, male group is $72.3\%$ of non drinking group were high, $27.7\%$ of drinking group were low. female group is $89.2\%$ of non drinking group were high, $10.8\%$ of drinking group were low(P<0.001). 11. Stress level status, $52.9\%$ of high stress group were high, $1.8\%$ of very severe stress group were low. Stress level status by gender, male group is $50.8\%$ of high stress group were high, $2.3\%$ of very severe stress group were low. female group is $55.4\%$of high stress group were high, $1.4\%$ of very severe stress group were low. 12. Heed status, $28.0\%$ of economic support were high, $4.6\%$ of speech therapy, brace group were low. Need status by Sender, male group is $2i2\%$ of economic support group were high, $4.5\%$ of bracegroup were low. female group is$27.7\%$ of economic support group were high, $3.4\%$ of speech therapy group were low. 13. Care satisfaction comparision, 3.09, 0.55 point of IBR, 4.01, 0.45 point of CHR(P<0.001). 14. The variables which had positive correlation with IBR were gender(r=0.1406, P<0.01), age(r=0.1872, p<0.001), economic level(r=0.1246, P<0.05), disabled record(r=0.1137, P<0.05), education level(r=-0.1122. p<0.05). 15. The variables which had positive : correlation with CBR were gender(r=0.1613, P<0.01), age(r=0.2255, P<0.001). list of family(r=0.12i3, P<0.01), disabled record(r=0.1273, P<0.05). education level(r=-0.1294, P<0.01).