• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-53
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• 2010

The Chandi Borobudur was likely constructed around 800 AD, during the period of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java, Indonesia. The Chandi Borobudur have 1460 narrative panels of reliefs which are distributed from the hidden foot to the fourth gallery. The 160 panels show various scenes of actions producing the corresponding results according to the Karmavibhanga(分別善惡報應經) text. Blameworthy activities with their purgatorial punishments and praiseworthy activities with their subsequent rewards are both shown. The 120 panels depict the biography of Buddha according to the Lalitavistara (方廣大莊嚴經) text. The 620 panels depict stories from Jatakas (本生譚) and Avadanas (譬喩經). The stories of 560 panels are based on Mahayayana (入法界品, 488 panels) and Bhadrucari (普賢行願讚, 72 panels) of Gandavyuha (華嚴經) text. In this study, among the 120 narrative reliefs which tell the life story of Buddha according to the Lalitavistara text in Chandi Borobudur, the images of Birth of Siddhārtha(誕生), The Great Departure (出家), Attaintment of Enlightenment (成道) and The First Sermon (初轉法輪) have been compared with the images of biography of Buddha showing in Ancient India, Gandhara and South India, and China. From a historical perspective of cultural exchange, Borobudur is very important site because it is located on the south route of transmission of Buddhism from India to South Asia, China, Korea and Japan. Study on the reliefs sculptured on the wall of Chandi Borobudur provide us information to understand the process of spreading and changes in styles of Buddhist arts.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 1985

The metal flow and the strain distribution is investigated for the steady state and non-steady state bulk deformation processes by using an improved visioplasticity method which includes the effective smoothing scheme. The comparison of various smoothing schemes leads to the selection of the five- point least square smoothing method which is employed to reduce the measurement errors. As a steady state forming process experiments are carried out for axisy- mmetric forward extrusion through conical and curved dies of various area reduc- tions using Aluminum and steel billets. Axisymmetric backward extrusion is chosen for a nonsteady state forming process. In axisymmetric forward extrusion the results from visioplasticity show that the curved die of a fourth-order polynomial renders more uniform distribution of strain rates and strains. Higher reduction leads to greater strain rates at the outer side of the billet. The visioplastic observation for axisymmetric backward extrusion as a non-steady state deformation process shows the concentration of higher strain at the inner wall of the extruded product. The visioplastic results in forward extrusion are in agreement with the computed results by the finite element method. It is thus shown that the visio- plasticity combined with a smoothing technique is an effective method to determine the pattern and the distribution of strain rates and strains.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.355-372
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• 2011

Based on the fully nonlinear velocity potential theory, the liquid sloshing in a three dimensional tank under random excitation is studied. The governing Laplace equation with fully nonlinear boundary conditions on the moving free surface is solved using the indirect desingularized boundary integral equation method (DBIEM). The fourth-order predictor-corrector Adams-Bashforth-Moulton scheme (ABM4) and mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian (MEL) method are used for the time-stepping integration of the free surface boundary conditions. A smoothing scheme, B-spline curve, is applied to both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the tank to eliminate the possible saw-tooth instabilities. When the tank is undergoing one dimensional regular motion of small amplitude, the calculated results are found to be in very good agreement with linear analytical solution. In the simulation, the normal standing waves, travelling waves and bores are observed. The extensive calculation has been made for the tank undergoing specified random oscillation. The nonlinear effect of random sloshing wave is studied and the effect of peak frequency used for the generation of random oscillation is investigated. It is found that, even as the peak value of spectrum for oscillation becomes smaller, the maximum wave elevation on the side wall becomes bigger when the peak frequency is closer to the natural frequency.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.93-104
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• 2019

This study set out to analyze the architectural trends in Bell's works and spaces by applying the Gaze theory of Jacques Lacan to his minimalism works, concept changes in their changing process, and the development of exhibition spaces related to him. The findings were as follows: first, his early glass cube works sought after the reproduction of the Real Order through the repeating eyes of viewers and objects by using exhibition lighting; second, his works in the Standing Wall category pursued the reproduction of the Real Order through the repeating eyes of many different viewers around objects; third, his Nesting Boxes tried to reproduce the Real Order of a higher competition level in the perception aspects, making the repetitive elements of Standing Walls converge and including even external environmental elements; fourth, there is no decisive gaze sought after by Judd or the Key Signifiant as the core of Lacan's philosophy in Bell's formative works; and finally, Bell's works pursue the completion of Simulacrum through the infinite repetition of Derrida's Deconstruction Philosophy through the infinite visual repetition sought after by Gehry and Moss in the LA School of Architects who shared the same area and period with him.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop basic data for the design of the housing space for unit that factors in the sentiment of the residents by using aesthetic elements and expression method to search for the ways to design housing space for differentiated unit. The results are as follows: First, aesthetic elements in the aesthetic element in the unit housing space for unit can be classified into basic elements and detailed elements. Second, it is possible to classify into distortion, mixing, superposition and juxtaposition methods. Third, use of the 'material' for 'wall' is recommended when designing differentiated housing space by using basic elements. At this time, expression using the method of 'mixing' is effective for inducing differentiation. In particular, elements that can perceive the difference in time are mixed, to add on slight differentiation. Fourth, 'illumination' and 'material' are used when designing differentiated housing space by using detailed elements. Fifth, preference degree of the expression method is manifested differently depending on the selected elements. Lastly, this study conducted a study on the preference level of the aesthetic elements and expression method targeting the experts alone to differentiate the design of the residential space for unit.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.40-50
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to prove the global OTT, Netflix's organizational resilience (OR). For this, we review previous literatures regarding Netflix's OR and the theoretical logic of the OR. Then, we investigate Netflix's organizational culture (OC), corporate structure and business strategies based on the five levers of the OR. As a result, the first lever, the coordination makes Netflix to get rid of the inner wall by creating Netflix terms like 'sunshining,' and 'postmortem,' which makes their employees extraordinarily candid with each other. The second lever, the cooperation provides employees with understanding customers by sharing company and service information openly and broadly through transparent board system, billboard advertising, etc. The third lever, the clout allows Netflix to encourage independent decision-making by their employees. Netflix customers are under scrutiny and served 24/7 via live chat or phone by supporting a high-performance workplace. The fourth lever, the capabilities are related to Netflix's keeping highly effective people and it establishes a culture of highly motivated employees. The "dream team" policy is run by what is known as the "keeper test." The last lever, the connections make Netflix to forge external strategic partnership to stay agile. There is no rule for partnering with key content producers by allowing creative freedom to them.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 2023

With the continuous development of the game field, the subdivision of game types is becoming more and more precise. There are also more and more games that draw on some achievements in other fields in their game design. Among them are meta-fiction games based on metafiction. This article will explore whether the combination of a meta-fiction game and a side-scrolling game with a unique visual experience is appropriate. If the side-scrolling game is the external form of the game, then the meta-fiction game is the internal content core of the game. The degree of fit between the external form and the internal core will undoubtedly determine the lower limit and upper limit of the game quality. Based on alienation theory, this article takes several highly rated side-scrolling games on the market as examples to conduct a theoretical analysis on the compatibility of side-scrolling games and metafiction games. The analysis results suggest that compared to first-person games, side-scrolling games with a unique third-person perspective have the best compatibility with meta-games.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.163-169
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to investigate on the clinical and radiographic patterns of residual cyst of the jaw for early diagnosis and treatment. The auther studied 87 cases of residual cyst with regard to age, sex distribution, the site of the lesion and several radiographic features. The results were as follows: 1. The average age was found to be 42.6 years, with a range of 15 to 84 years. The incidence was highest in the third and fourth decades(50.6%) and total 87 cases consist of 47 males and 38 females. 2. The common clinical symptoms were pus discharge, swelling, pain and no symptoms was presented in 5 cases(12.5%). 3. Residual cysts were found to be 46.0% maxillary anterior region, 18.4% maxillary molar region, 17.2% mandibular molar region and to be more common in the maxilla(70.1%) than in the mandible(29.9%) 4. Most of residual cysts were unilocular type(86 cases, 98.8%), showing distinct border(62 cases, 71.3%) with smooth margin(78 cases, 89.7%). 5. The adjacent teeth showed root resorption in 13 cases(14.9%), and root divergence in 16 cases(18.4%). 6. The residual cysts extended to the nasal fossa(22 cases, 22.5%), the maxillary sinus(19 cases, 19.4%) and caused the displacement of the mandibular canal wall (11 cases, 11.2%)

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.29-39
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• 2012

Window and shading designs have a great influence on energy consumption and daylighting in buildings. As far as energy is concerned, small window area is advantageous. But it is not good to the patient healing in hospital. So it is important to find out the optimum window shape which is favorable for both energy consumption and patient healing. In this study, annual energy consumption and daylight illumination levels were analyzed according to the window shapes and shading devices for a multi-beded patient room in hospitals. The simulations were conducted for 19 different cases by COMFEN 4.0 computer simulation program. The results of this paper are as follows. First, window to wall area ratio and shading devices have great influences on annual energy consumption. But it is a problem in that they decrease significantly daylight level in bed room. Second, considering the same energy consumption, reducing the width of window rather than the hight of window is desirable for the secure of daylight level. Third, increase of the number of horizontal shade is not desirable in south face of the building for the energy consumption and daylight level. Fourth, sun shade is not necessary in north face of the building for the energy consumption and daylight level.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze affordance of façade design by extracting analysis elements of affordance in façade design domestic five-star hotels. The subjects of this study were 88 domestic five-star hotels; we selected literature review and case study as methodology. The analysis elements included mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types based on the visual perception factors of façade design from the concept of affordance. The results of the study were as follows. First, the mass forms were divided into stackable, integral, and connection types, and stackable type was most frequent. Second, exterior colors were divided into achromatic, red, yellow, and opaque color parts, and the achromatic parts were most frequent. Third, the window frame patterns were divided into grid, irregular, full, horizontal, and vertical windows, and grid windows were most frequent. Fourth, the exterior characteristics were divided into formative mass, horizontal partition, design contrast, tiled roof, and facility connection, and the formative mass was most frequent. Fifth, the door types were divided into porch, piloti, and wall type, and porch was most frequent. The results of this study showed that the façade design elements such as mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types intentionally contained affordance.