• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.10-19
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• 2007

1. Objectives The purpose of this study was to search the descriptions of feces in the text of Lee, Je-Ma for the physiological feces and pathological feces in constitutional medicine. 2. Methods We searched the descriptions of feces mentioned in the text of $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowonsasangchobongwon$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowongabobon$\lrcorner$, and $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowonsinchukbon$\lrcorner$ and classified the feces into physiological feces and pathological feces by the solidity, color, impurities of feces, and the frequency of defecation. 3. Results For Soyangin and Taeyangin, there are formal descriptions of feces related to the constipation in Dongyisusebowon sasang chobongwon, but for Soeumin and Taeumin, there is not formal description of feces related to the constipation in $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowonsasangchobongwon$\lrcorner$ and for all 4 Type Constitution, there are various formal descriptions of feces related to the diarrhea in $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowonsasangchobongwon$\lrcorner$. For all 4 Type Constitution, there are various formal descriptions of feces related to the constipation in $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowongabobon$\lrcorner$, except Taeumin. and for all 4 Type Constitution, yhere are various formal descriptions of feces related to the diarrhea in $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowongabobon$\lrcorner$. For Soeumin, especially there are the formal descriptions of color and impurities of feces. For all 4 Type Constitution, there are various formal descriptions of feces related to the constipation and the diarrhea in $\ulcorner$Dongyisusebowonsinchukbon$\lrcorner$. For Soeumin, especially there are formal descriptions of color and impurities of feces. 4. Conclusions The diarrhea in Soeumin is serious illness rather than the constipation, and the constipation in Soyangin is serious illness rather than diarrhea. Especially In Yin Exhausted Syndrome in Soyangin, the diarrhea is the important standard of diagnosis in Soyangin's constitutional symptom. The description of feces in Taeumin is not systematic, compared with Soeumin's and Soyangin's. The description of feces in Taeyangin is not yet scientifically established compared with Soeumin's, Soyangin's, Taeumin's.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2005

1. Objectives The purpose of this study lies on the objectification of the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis. This study was analyzing the constitutional characteristic of adult men voices by PSSC-2004. 2. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 231 adult men voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 231 was composed with 5 Taeyangins, 32 Soyangins, 102 Taeumins and 92 Soeumins. The under 55 years old group was composed with 4 Taeyangins, 23 Soyangins, 83 Taeumins and 77 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 1 Taeyangin, 9 Soyangins, 19 Taeumins and 15 Soeumins. 3. Results 1) In total group, the Soeumin's mean value of center pitch(4)$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.034). 2) In total group, the Soeumin's group 3 APQ was significantly low compared with the others (P=0.042). 3) In under 55 year-old group, the Soeumin's center value of center pitch 4$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.025) 4) In over 55 year-old group, no statistical significance was found between the Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soeumin. 4. Conclusions In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's voice showed high pitched sound (clearness) at the low frequency (1000-2000Hz). In over 55 year-old group, there is no significant differences. This fits in with that 'Soeumin's voice is 'Yu-tone' born by 'Shang-tone', very short and high.' 'Yu-tone' corresponds to 'Ra' and witch is highest among Gong, Shang, Gao, Chi and Yu. This is related with the appearance that the Soeumin's voice is weak, thin and high tone. Therefore it is supposed that Soeumin adult men's voices are thick, and there are vibrations of the ending. It is accepted one of the Soeumin's characters like as a mild tremor of limbs and deep breath caused by Soeumin's Qi-deficiency. This outcome accords with the theory that Soeumin's Qi is less than the Other constitutions.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 2003

Purpose: This study had focused on evaluating the QSCC II for the elevating accuracy and the designing new Questionnaire. Methods : QSCC II was administered to 1051 patients who had been treated in Hospital and Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital during 19 months from sept. 2000 to mar. 2002. We analyzed all subjects of the QSCC II. Result: 1. In the analysis with all subjects of the QSCC II , 1-1. 75 subjects had a significance between the Sasang Constitution groups. 1-2. In each Sasang Constitution group, we was able to select some significant subjects. I had selected 34 subjects in the Taeyang scale, 33 subjects in the Soyang scale, 28 subjects in the Taeeum scale, and 23 subjects in the Soeum scale. 1-3. When I applied the new intensifying value and calculation, the diagnostic discrimination abilities of the QSCCII was 61.8% about Taeyangin, 55.9% about Soyangin, 63.8% about Taeeumin, 63.6% about Soeumin, and total average was 61.8%. the Dong Eui Oriental Medical from sept. 2000 to mar. 2002.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

Purpose: This study had focused on evaluating the QSCC II for the elevating accuracy and the designing new Questionnaire. Methods : QSCC II was administered to 1051 patients who had been treated in the Dong Eui Oriental Medical Hospital and Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital during 19 months from sept. 2000 to mar. 2002. We analyzed all subjects of the QSCC II. Result: 1. In the analysis with all subjects of the QSCC II ,1-1. 75 subjects had a significance between the Sasang Constitution groups. 1-2. In each Sasang Constitution group, we was able to select some significant subjects. I had selected 34 subjects in the Taeyang scale, 33 subjects in the Soyang scale, 28 subjects in the Taeeum scale, and 23 subjects in the Soeum scale. 1-3. When I applied the new intensifying value and calculation, the diagnostic discrimination abilities of the QSCC II was 61.8% about Taeyangin, 55.9% about Soyangin, 63.8% about Taeeumin, 63.6% about Soeumin, and total average was 61.8%.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 2005

1. Objectives : There are many studies on the ordinary symptoms based on Sasang constitution. But there are not quite satisfactory between the types of Sasang constitution. So This study is for learning the characteristics of ordinary symptoms depending on Taeyangin Soyangin(the rest Yangin) and Taeumin Soeumin(the rest Eumin) of the Sasang constitution. 2. Methods : We classified them into the each type of Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) by the well-trained SCM specialist, and assessed their ordinary features by the questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of ordinary features to the diagnosis of SCM. 3. Results : There are a result of the binary logistic analysis on the observed questionnaire. 1) Regarding sleeping, Yangin do not dream much as Eumin do when they sleep. The time they are sleeping is not longer, and they usually do not sleep well. 2) Regarding stools, Yangin go to stool more than Eumin do. The constipation does not occur when they are not in a good condition, and they do not feel uncomfortable when they do not go to stool for a day. The length of time taken for emptying the bowels is much longer, and the hardness of their stools is much more, but the hardness does not mean that they have the constipation. 3) Regarding urine, Yangin have much more foam than Eumin. 4. Conclusions: We found that Yangin and Eumin have characteristics of ordinary symptoms, but partly there are not in accordance with ones what Lee Je-ma said in his book. So in future we hope clinical studies are required steadily.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2003

Purpose: This study has focused on evaluating the effectiveness and accuracy of the questionnaire which considered as a basic data to indentify constitution Methods: By analysing the tendency of the respondents who has defined constitution by clinical diagnosis and comparing of their answers, the result of their constitution analysis by our questionnaire were re-examed. The answer of each question to each constitution were tested how it is relevent to a scale of a constitution. So I analysed each item response rates on QSCCII of those who had been tested and diagnosed as Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin, Soeumin respectively. Results: 1. From the 537 results of QSCCII of those who were examined by professors, I made a selected Taeyang scale which is consists of 18 items, a selected Soyang scale which is consists of 40 items, a selected Taeum scale which is consists of 41 items and a selected Soeum scale which is consists of 32 items. 2. I have found that there is limitation to find out constitution by the questionnaire we used, one I hope that suitable questionnaire will be developed for the research in the future

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to study the personality traits of Sasang constitutions by comparing the profiles of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Methods : A total of 110 healthy people (20 to 40 years old), except for 2 Taeyangin (TY type), were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin (TE type), 32 Soyangin (SY type), and 31 Soeumin (SE type). A Sasang constitutional medicine specialist diagnosed the Sasang constitution after analyzing the result of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The dimensions of TCI and EPQ were compared among the different Sasang constitutions, using an analysis of variance, and correlations between TCI and EPQ were analyzed by a Pearson correlation method. Results : Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, SY type showed a significantly higher score than the SE type in Novelty Seeking. SE type showed significantly higher score than TE and SY type in Harm Avoidance. SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Reward Dependence. TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Persistence. There were no significant differences in the character dimensions of Self-directness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Extraversion. SE type showed significantly higher score than SY type in Lie. SY type showed significantly higher score than TE and SE type in Impulsiveness. Conclusions : The results demonstrated that there are some significant differences of personality traits among Sasang constitutions. This could help diagnose and understand each Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.503-513
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• 2011

1. Objective This study aimed to find out the epidemiologic characteristics of constitutional disease syndromes at a hospital of Oriental medicine in Seoul. 2. Methods The medical records of 1354 subjects who have received prescriptions and diagnosis of Sasang constitution from January 2008 to December 2009 at a hospital of Oriental medicine were reviewed. General factors and the frequency of the prescriptions according to Sasang constitution were compared and analyzed. 3. Results 1) Among the 1354 subjects, 562(41.5%) persons were males and 792(58.5%) females. 614(45.3%) persons were Soeumin, 369(27.3%) Soyangin, 364(26.9%) Taeumin, and 7(0.5%) Taeyangin. 2) The frequencies of the prescriptions of 14 constitutional disease syndromes were compared. Taeum Syndrome, Esophagus Cold Syndrome and Yin Deficiency Tidal fever Syndrome show the high frequencies among 14 disease syndromes. Chest Heat Syndrome, Deficiency of Yin and Blood syndrome and Soeum Syndrome show the low frequencies among 14 disease syndromes. Interior disease(63.4%) was higher than exterior disease(36.6%) and mild disease(61.8%) was higher than severe disease(38.2%). 3) Among all constitutional prescriptions, Jowyiseungchung-tang was the most common and next rankings were Gupoong-tang and Dokhwaljihwang-tang in turns. 4. Conclusions From all these considerations, it would seem that Taeum Syndrome in Soeumin, Esophagus Cold Syndrome in Taeumin and Yin Deficiency Tidal fever Syndrome in Soyangin show the high frequencies in a hospital of Oriental medicine in Seoul. Large-scale epidemiologic study in Sasang constitutional medicine may be needed on various ways and places.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.83-95
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. It analyzed the adult male and female voices into 23factors using PSSC-2004. The study was conducted by subjects inputting 2.5-3 sec of [a] in 586 men and women's voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, male group, female group. The group with a total of 586 was composed of 155 Soyangin, 230 Taeumin and 201 Soeumin. The male group was composed with 61 Soyangin, 127 Taeumin and 87 Soeumin. The female group was composed with 94 Soyangin, 103 Taeumin and 114 Soeumin. Taeyangin were excluded for a more accurate statistical analysis. 2. Results (I) In total group, Taeumin's peak sum was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.021). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (2) In total group, the Soyangin's rank6, rank7 and rank8 were significantly high compared with the others (P=0.050)(0.043)(0.034). (3) In total group, the Soyangin's rank9 was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.025). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (4) In male group, the Soyangin's code3 was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.050). (5) In male group, the Soyangin's code1 was significantly low compared with the others(P=0.004). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (6) In male group, the Soyangin's rank1, rank2, rank3 and rank4 were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.017)(0.008) (0.005)(0.002). They were significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (7) In female group, the Taeumin's code1 was significantly low compared with the others(P=0.016). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem. 3. Conclusion From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard gide for constitutional diagnosis by analyzation of the voices.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.99-126
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• 2009

1. Objective TS-QSCD (The Two-Step Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Diagnosis) is one of the self-reporting Sasang-Constitutional diagnosis questionnaires and one constituted by a two-step discriminant function. The process of TS-QSCD is as follows. During the first step, the testers are classified into two groups: the Yangin(陽人) group and Eumin(陰人) group. Following this, the Yangin group is divided into the Soyangin group and Taeyangin group likewise the Eumin group is divided into the Taeumin group and Soeumin group. This questionnaire has the merits of an ordinary questionnaire with four discriminant functions and a decision tree method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and standardize TS-QSCD 2. Materials and Methods TS-QSCD was administered to 352 random informants who were examined by professionals. Reliability was tested by inter-item consistency using cronbach's ${\alpha}$, and validity was tested by a two step discriminant function. Cross tabulation Analysis was also used to look into the distribution of responses among the groups. 3. Result 1) The reliability of TS-QSCD was relatively valid. The internal consistency of TS-QSCD (AB) was cronbach's ${\alpha}$= 0.815, and TS-QSCD (AC) was cronbach's ${\alpha}$= 0.832. 2) There was a significant difference in points between Eumin group teens and other age groups, between those of Soeumin teens and other age groups. 3) TS-QSCD corresponded with the real Sasang constitution at the rate of 65.0%. When using 61 questions and four discriminant function as with ordinary methods, TS-QSCD corresponded with the real Sasang constitution at the rate of 74.9%. 4. Conclusion 1) TS-QSCD that complements the merits of existing questionnaires is effective in diagnosing Sasang constitutions. 2) Deleting duplicate questions is thought to be one of the reasons for the decreased validity rate. 3) The lower the validity of the first step, the more we should build up at each second steps a way to rescue the groups which were assigned wrongly during the first steps. 4) This standardization of TS-QSCD would be helpful in making a program for diagnosing the Sasang Constitution