• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.118-122
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• 2008

The use of tartary buckwheat flour as a source of dietary rutin has been limited because of the enzymatic degradation of rutin during the dough-making process, which results in a bitter taste. A variety of pretreatment regimes, including heating, steaming, boiling, and extruding, were evaluated in relation to the inactivation of the rutin-degrading enzyme responsible for rutin loss and color change during dough-making. Steaming (120 see), boiling (90 see) buckwheat grains, or extruding (180 rpm/min at $140^{\circ}C$) the flour resulted in the retention of >85% of the original rutin and eliminated the bitter taste in the hydrated flours. In contrast, dry heating at $140^{\circ}C$ for 9 min or microwaving at 2,450 MHz for 3 min did not reduce the rutin loss, and the bitter taste remained. Unlike in the flour, the rutin degradation in water-soaked grains was insignificant at room temperature. Moreover, the samples treated by steaming, boiling, or extrusion were darker and more reddish in color.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2006

Food wastes were decomposed into the Mugri (Isung Engineering, Korea), a food waste reduction machine, with adding sawdust of cryptomeria. Degradation effects were better when the machine worked at over 45$^{\circ}C$ than those at the lower temperature. Thermophilic bacteria were isolated from cryptomeria sawdust and the food waste products degraded by the machine. The isolates from cryptomeria sawdust were classified into 3 genera (Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter sp. and Erwinia cypripedii) and almost all the isolates from the degraded products were partially identified as Bacillus sp. by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The isolated thermophilic bacteria showed degradative enzyme activities. In the case of addition of the 30 thermophilic bacteria into the machine, degradation rate of food wastes was almost twice as high with increasing process temperature up to 6$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.33.1-33.7
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• 2016

Background: The continuing growth of the ethanol industry has generated large amounts of various distillers grains co-products. These are characterized by a wide variation in chemical composition and ruminal degradability. Therefore, their precise formulation in the ruminant diet requires the systematic evaluation of their degradation profiles in the rumen. Methods: Three distillers grains plus soluble co-products (DDGS) namely, corn DDGS, high-protein corn DDGS (HP-DDGS), and wheat DDGS, were subjected to an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). Soybean meal (SBM), a feed with highly degradable protein in the rumen, was included as the fourth feed. The four feeds were incubated in duplicate at each time point in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated Hanwoo cattle for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Results: Wheat DDGS had the highest filterable and soluble A fraction of its DM (37.2 %), but the lowest degradable B (49.5 %; P < 0.001) and an undegradable C fraction (13.3 %; P < 0.001). The filterable and soluble A fraction of CP was greatest with wheat DDGS, intermediate with corn DDGS, and lowest with HP-DDGS and SBM; however, the undegradable C fraction of CP was the greatest with HP-DDGS (41.2 %), intermediate with corn DDGS (2.7 %), and lowest with wheat DDGS and SMB (average 4.3 %). The degradation rate of degradable B fraction ($%\;h^{-1}$) was ranked from highest to lowest as follows for 1) DM: SBM (13.3), wheat DDGS (9.1), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 5.2); 2) CP: SBM (17.6), wheat DDGS (11.6), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 4.4). The in situ effective degradability of CP, assuming a passage rate of $0.06h^{-1}$, was the highest (P < 0.001) for SBM (73.9 %) and wheat DDGS (71.2 %), intermediate for corn DDGS (42.5 %), and the lowest for HP-DDGS (28.6 %), which suggests that corn DDGS and HP-DDGS are a good source of undegraded intake protein for ruminants. Conclusions: This study provided a comparative estimate of ruminal DM and CP degradation characteristics for three DDGS co-products and SBM, which might be useful for their inclusion in the diet according to the ruminally undegraded to degraded intake protein ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.351-352
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• 2002

In this paper, studies were made on the palm oil methyl ester (POME) added lubricants using FT-IR for monitoring oil degradation. In order to assess the degradation characteristics of POME added lubricant by FT-IR, static oxidation test was conducted using three different blended lubricants (viz, zero percent POME, five percent POME and ten percent POME with mineral-based oil) for 280 hrs. The oxidation temperature was set at $140^{\circ}C$. FT-IR quantitative data indicate an increased in oxidation products which was formed from 10% POME added lubricants after 280 hrs of oxidation test. The 5% POME added lubricant and mineral-based lubricant (without POME) showed less oxidation product after the test. From the FT-IR spectrum analysis of the oxidized oils it could be concluded that 5% POME can improve the performance of mineral-based oil by forming protective films.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3535-3541
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• 2014

Bisphenol A is considered as pollutant, because it is toxic and hazardous to living organisms even at very low concentrations. Biological oxidation used for removing this organic from waste water is not suitable and consequently application of catalytic wet oxidation has been considered as one of the best options for treating bisphenol A. We have developed Fe/SBA-15, Ni/SBA-15 and Fe-Ni/SBA-15 as heterogeneous catalysts using the advanced impregnation method for oxidation of bisphenol A in water. The catalysts were characterized with physico-chemical characterization methods such as, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FT-IR measurements, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. This work illustrates activity of the catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic degradation reaction revealed with excellent conversion and recyclability. The degradation products identified were not persistent pollutants. GC-MS analysis identified the products: 2,4-hexadienedioic acid, 2,4-pentadienic acid and isopropanol or acetic acid. The leachability study indicated that the catalysts release very little metals to water. Therefore, the possibility of water contamination through metal leaching was almost negligible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.453-461
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• 2012

The degradation characteristics of TCE by Ferrate(VI) oxidation have been studied. Ferrate(VI) were prepared by electrochemical method. The degradation efficiency of TCE in aqueous solution was investigated at various pH values, Ferrate(VI) doses and aqueous solution temperature values. GC-ECD was used to analyze TCE. TCE was degraded rapidly by ferrate(VI) in aqueous solution, Also, the experimental results showed that TCE removal efficiency increased with the increase of Ferrate(VI) doses. The effect of pH was investigated and the maximum degradation efficiency was obtained at pH 7. And intermediate products were identified by GC-MS techniques. Ethyl Chloride, Dichloroethylene, Chloroform, 1,1-dichloropropene, Trichloroacetic acid and Trichloroethane were identified as a reaction intermediate, and $Cl^-$ was identified as an end product.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

The degradation characteristics of perchloroethylene by ferrate(VI) oxidation have been studied. The degradation efficiency of perchloroethylene in aqueous solution was investigated at various values of ferrate(VI) dosage, pH, initial concentration of perchloroethylene and aqueous solution temperature. GC-ECD has been used to analyze the changes of perchloroethylene concentration. The optimum conditions of perchloroethylene degradation were obtained at pH 7.0 and $25^{\circ}C$ of aqueous solution temperature. Also, the experimental results showed that perchloroethylene removal efficiency increased with the decrease of initial concentration of perchloroethylene. Lastly intermediate products were identified by GC-MS techniques. Trichloroethylene and chloroform were identified as reaction intermediates.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 1995

The Optimal condition for degradation of crystal violet and other triphenylmethane dyes by Citrobacter sp. SK-3 isolated from the activated sludge of dye manufacturing factory was investigated. The optimal culture medium for the degradation of triphenylmethane dye was composed of minimum inorganic salt medium supplemented with 0.5% galactose, 0.1% beef extract, with the initial pH of 8.0 to 9.0. Under this condition, Citrobacter sp. SK-3 degraded 200 ppm of crystal violet completely within 24 hours. Citrobactre sp. SK-3 also degraded efficiently malachite green, pararosaniline, brilliant green, methyl violet, basic fuchsin and methyl red. Analysis of the degradation products of crystal violet through this layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography indicated that the methyl groups bound to crystal violet backborn were gradually demethylated to pentamethyl-, tetramethyl- and trimethylpararosaniline.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2012

The degradation characteristics of TCE by Ferrate(VI) oxidation have been studied. The degradation efficiency of TCE in aqueous solution was investigated at various pH values, Ferrate(VI) doses, initial concentrations of TCE and aqueous solution temperature values. GC-ECD was used to analyze TCE. The optimum conditions of TCE degradation were obtained pH 7.0 and $25^{\circ}C$ in aqueous solution. Also, the experimental results showed that TCE removal efficiency increased with the decrease of initial concentration of TCE. And intermediate products were identified by GC-MS techniques. Ethyl Chloride, Chloroform, Ethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane were identified as a reaction intermediate, and $Cl^-$ was identified as an end product.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.128-130
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• 1989

In vitro degradation of saikosaponin-a in physiological condition was conducted. Saikosaponin-a in 0.1 N-HCl of 25% 1,4-dioxane was incubated at $37^{\circ}$ and the products were analyzed and the time course of degradation was observed. Saikosaponin-a(Sa) was transformed to $saikosaponin-b_1(Sb_1)$ and saikosaponin-g(Sg) in the course of time. Sa was decreased drastically and not detected after 6 hours. $Sb_1$0 and Sg was increased with the time. After 6 hours the ratio of $Sb_1$ and Sg was about 4:1 and was maintained for 24 hours.