• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7547-7554
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• 2015

Background: The use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) among women is increasing in India, especially among those with limited education and resources. Preventing the initiation of SLT among women is critical since it has known negative consequences for oral and reproductive health. Most research on tobacco initiation in India focuses on adolescents. This paper addresses the unrecognized issues of post marital initiation among women of reproductive age, highlighting the importance of reproductive stages in women's tobacco initiation. The objective is to examine the correlates of SLT initiation among low income women in Mumbai from pre-marriage through early marriage, first pregnancy and beyond, using case examples to illustrate initiation during each of these stages. Materials and Methods: In 2011-2012, cross-sectional community level survey data were collected from a representative sample of 409 daily SLT-using married women aged 18-40 years in a low income community in Mumbai. Information on socio-demographics, initiation by reproductive stage, types of tobacco use, childhood exposure to tobacco, learning to use, and initiation influences and reasons were collected through a researcher-administered survey. Univariate and bivariate analysis assessed factors influencing initiation of SLT use by reproductive stage. In addition 42 narratives of tobacco use were collected from a purposive sample of pregnant and non-pregnant married women addressing the same questions in detail. Narratives were transcribed, translated, and coded for key concepts including initiation of tobacco use. Results: Thirty-two percent of women initiated SLT use before marriage, 44% initiated after marriage but before pregnancy, 18.1% initiated during their first pregnancy and the remainder started after their first pregnancy. Mean age of marriage among women in this study was 16 years. Younger women (i.e. age at time of the interview of less than 30 years) were 0.47 [95% CI (0.32, 0.87)] percent less likely to initiate after marriage than women aged more than 30 years. Women who got married before 18 years of age were 2.34 [95% CI (1.40, 3.93)] times more likely to initiate after marriage than their counterparts. Childhood exposure was a predictor for initiating SLT use prior to marriage but not after. Women reporting tooth and gum pain were 1.85 times more likely to initiate after marriage than their counterparts. Husband and neighbours were the most significant influences on post-marital initiation. Narratives highlighted differences in processes of initiation pre and post marriage and during pregnancy. Conclusions: Most tobacco prevention interventions are directed to adolescents in school. This study suggests that especially for low literate or illiterate women, school based interventions are ineffective. To be effective strategies to prevent SLT initiation must reach women in urban areas at or immediately after marriage and during their first pregnancy. Messages must negate culturally rooted beliefs about the health benefits of SLT in order to prevent initiation and onset of daily use.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.29-52
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• 2013

This study examined how middle-aged and elderly persons allocated their time in overall perspective and whether the patterns were varied by age, socio-demographic factors, and the interaction effect between them. This study analyzed the 2009 Time Use Survey Data (17,096 time-diaries of people aged 45 or more) of the National Statistical Office using tobit regression model. The main results are as follows. First, middle-aged and elderly people gradually decreased paid work times. Second, the patterns of time allocation were varied by age, gender, education level, marital status and household type(Agricultural/non-agricultural). Third, there were interaction effects between age and the socio-demographic factors on paid work time and leisure time. Highly educated or urban persons were likely to have less time in paid work less than other groups with increasing age. And females were likely to have less time in domestic labor and care work than males with increasing age. But they had more time in social and economic productive activities than males. Based on these findings, this study suggests comprehensive approach to analyze the time use of elderly beyond economic working time or leisure time. To establish effective ageing society policy, it is necessary to consider the time allocation of elderly which divided into the social stratification.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.355-375
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• 2006

The objective of this study examined the effect of job characteristics on the job satisfaction of social worker employed by 1st social agency, hospitals. Data were collected by 240 social workers. Based on Hackman and Oldham's(1975) theory of core job characteristics, this study was to defined other element of job characteristics, in social worker's duties, focused on moderating effect of self-confidence for job satisfaction, and compared to social worker's job characteristics between 1st social agency and hospitals. The results of this study were summarized as follows; first, job autonomy, feedback among Hackman and Oldham's 5 core job characteristics showed positive influence on job satisfaction. The other job characteristics found out significantly effected social worker's job satisfaction than Hackman and Oldham's 5 core job characteristics. Second, identities of social worker's job, cognition of professional level, necessity, and self-confidence variables were found to have a statistically significant strong relationship with job satisfaction of 1st setting social worker. The other side, necessity, self-confidence, sex, social worker's academic career variables positive influenced medical social worker's job satisfaction. Third, the moderating variables which had significant difference among social worker's working conditions. 1st setting social worker's self-confidence partial moderated the effect of job characteristics on social worker's job satisfaction. But, medical social worker's self-confidence not moderated the effect of job characteristics on job satisfaction. As a result, Social worker's job satisfaction depended on job characteristics and self-confidence. Therefore, to assure the job satisfaction, redesign for social worker's job characteristics, reinforced their self-confidence. Staff-development education program, supportive environment, supervision program is strongly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.7-20
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• 2012

The objective of this paper is to construct pseudo-panel data set and estimate price and income elasticities of car travel demand, using 1995-2007 household income and expenditure survey data, in order to provide quantitative information for analyzing related policy effects in the transport sector. We categorized household survey data into 14 cohorts based on the birth year of the household head. As the result, a total of 133 pseudo-panel data sets was created for estimating price and income elasticities of car travel demand. Especially, price and income elasticities of car travel demand were separately estimated both short-term and long-term. We analyzed the panel model considering fixed effect within cohorts, using explanatory variables such as previous year's fuel consumption, real household income after tax, education level of the household head, the number of children under five, and the share of household type averaged by cohorts. As results, the short-term and long-term price elasticities of car travel demand were calculated as 0.2974-0.4280 and 0.4087-0.6275, respectively. Similarly, the short-term and long-term income elasticities were calculated as 0.3364-0.6281 and 0.7098, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.4360-4366
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• 2010

It is impossible for all athletes to be satisfied with a single training program due to the fact that they have different physiological characteristics and needs. However, paucity studies have been introduced a specific training program for high school sprinters. Therefore, this study was designed to help develop and introduce the training program with a physical examination to enhance sprinting performance for experienced high school sprinters. VO2max, muscular strength, basic physical ability, and body composition were measured before and after a 24 week training program. The following are the conclusions based on the results of this study: 1) body fat percentage was increased after 24 weeks of training. Fat free mass and the amount of water in the body increased by 1.5% and 1.1% respectively, 2) $VO_2$maxand anaerobic threshold level showed a significant increase after 24 weeks of training, 3) exercise duration and anaerobic threshold duration were also increased after 24 weeks of training, but not statistically significant, and 4) muscular strength significantly increased due to the execution of combined weight training and circuit training. Development and implementation of the training program in this study made sprinters' physical capacities better in VO2max, anaerobic threshold, and muscular strength and body composition. Also, sprinters were able to increase fat free mass through 24 weeks of training due to increased muscle mass. Therefore, a training program for high school sprinters should include a physical examination to enhance sprinting performance and prevent sports injuries.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.195-209
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• 2011

This study examined the prevalence of and factors associated with unmet care need among community-dwelling middle-aged and older people in Korea. Data were from the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study on Ageing (KLoSA), a national survey of 10,254 non-institutionalized adults aged 45 or older. Having unmet care needs was defined as needing personal assistance with activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) but having no available helper. Weighted logistic regressions were fitted to examine factors associated with unmet care needs. Overall, 7.3%, 14.5%, and 41.8% of subjects among the middle-aged, younger old, and older old, respectively, reported care needs of these, 34%, 33%,and 24% had unmet needs. Factors associated with unmet needs differed among the three groups: Education and income level were negatively associated with unmet needs among the middle-aged, but living alone was the only factor positively associated with unmet needs in both the younger and older old. The prevalence of and factors associated with unmet care needs differ by life-stage. Needed are home- and community-based care and services to meet the need for personal assistance among the elderly living alone in a community.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

This study investigates the effects of gender equality values, perceptions of gender equality, and gender cultural characteristics on adolescents' marriage intentions in the Busan area. For this research purpose, we used data from a survey on youth sexual culture in Busan. We found that conservative values and misogynistic value perceptions, which are subfactors of gender equality values, appeared at levels below the median. Perceptions of gender equality were also reported at a level below the median. Among the sexual culture characteristics, most of the experience of requesting housework was found to have not been requested for less than one out of five items, and the frequency of sex-related conversations with friends was found to be lower than the median. More than half of the respondents had dating experience, and adolescents' marriage intentions were slightly higher than the median. In addition, gender equality values, perceptions of gender equality, and gender cultural characteristics all had a significant effects on adolescents' marriage intentions. Specifically, more conservative values corresponded to, lower perceptions of misogynistic values, and higher awareness of gender equality corresponded to, more experience with requesting housework. Furthermore, a higher frequency of sex-related conversations, and more adolescent dating experiences, corresponded to higher marriage intentions among adolescents. Based on these findings, we propose policy measures to improve adolescents' marriage intentions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.267-276
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of teaching efficiency and nursing professionalism on clinical practice competence in nursing students. Undergraduate nursing students (252) in D province completed this study questionnaire. This study was conducted from 3rd to 11th May in 2019. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0. The results reveal that nursing students had a medium level of clinical practice competence. There were significant correlations between sex, nursing professionalism, teaching efficiency, and clinical practice competence. Nursing professionalism was the most influential factor with an explanatory power of 19.6%. The findings of this study are that nursing professionalism and teaching efficiency were influenced the clinical competence of nursing students. Based on these results, nursing professionalism and teaching efficiency should be considered when developing clinical practice education programs to increase clinical competence in nursing students.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.344-355
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• 2009

This study is to set up a hypothesis and a research model based on how much the relational benefits can affect customer satisfaction and long-term relationship with the theoretical and practical results of established precedent researches, to analyze the structural equation model on casual dining restaurant diners, to evaluate the research model and subsequently to provide marketing implications. First of all, social and psychological factors prove to be influential among relational benefits felt by diners-out. Secondly, customer satisfaction has influence on long-term commitment for a restaurant. In other words, the higher customer satisfaction level for a restaurant is, the stronger willingness a customer has to recommend or revisit the restaurant, as several precedent studies support. As demonstrated in indirect advantages, these social and psychological benefits felt by diners-out have mighty effects on long-term relationship orientation, and satisfaction levels prove to be an important medium which can make these influences. As a result, restaurant employees' attitude toward customers is the most important factor rather than economic benefits such as reduced price, free gifts and coupons are, since customers put social and psychological benefits forward like intimate terms with restaurant workers, a sense of stability, and a relief from uneasiness. Therefore, constant service education should be done from the start to cope with customers' demands fast and flexibly and increase customer satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.169-178
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• 2020

This study was attempted to know the awareness of Advance Directives of adults in Gandwon-do province. Data was surveyed from 60 adults in Gangwon-do province by 42 item questionnaire for the awareness of Advance Directives. Subcategories of Advanced Directives questionnaire were knowledge, preference, experience for life-sustaining treatment and Advance Directives. The data was analyzed with the frequency and percentage using SPSS 24.0. 45% of Participants replied they knew the 'life-sustaining treatment' exactly. They preferred CPR 78.3%, mechanical ventilation 63.3% and blood transfusion 51.7% for their future special life-sustaining treatments. They did not preferred hemodialysis 8.3%, artificial respiration 6.7%, intensive care unit 6.7%, 8.3 percent of participants said that they well aware of Advance Directives. 86.6% of them hoped to write their Advance Directives. Despite such low awareness of the Advance Directives, the intention to write Advance Directives was high. Based on these results, it was found that the level of awareness of Advance Directives was very important for the intention to prepare Advance Directives. Therefore, regional programs and education on Advance Directives and periodic survey study for awareness of Advance Directives should be continued.