• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.885-897
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• 2006

A new mathematical model of pumping heart coupled to lumped compartments of blood circulation is presented. This lumped pulsatile cardiovascular model consists of eight compartments of the body that include pumping heart, the systemic circulation, and the pulmonary circulation. The governing equations for the pressure and volume in each vascular compartment are derived from the following equations: Ohm's law, conservation of volume, and the definition of compliances. The pumping heart is modeled by the time-dependent linear curves of compliances in the heart. We show that the numerical results in normal case are in agreement with corresponding data found in the literature. We extend the developed lumped model of circulation in normal case into a specific model for arrhythmia. These models provide valuable tools in examining and understanding cardiovascular diseases.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제34권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2007

Product liability law lies at the center of the modem world. This law concerns liability for damages arising from the commercial sale of a product that causes personal injury or property damage because it was defective or falsely represented. One engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect. In short, product defectiveness is the heart of products liability law. Regardless of the underlying cause of action, the plaintiff in nearly every products liability case must prove that the defendant's product contained an unnecessary hazard that caused the harm. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the product defectiveness to products liability claims in China. In China, Product to include most movable personal property, but to exclude services. And a product is defective when, at the time of sale or distribution, it contains a manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2013

Purpose: The article looks at the member' rights and trustees duties and determines where should the emphasis be as it often happens that these two aspects often clash. Research Design, Data and Methodology: It is determined in this article whether the trustees owe fiduciary duties to both the fund and members and further determines whether the trustees should advance the interests of the members. Results: The article further looks at the governance of the retirement funds and argues that the proper governance of these funds protects the interest of the members. The duty to disclosure of information to members is of paramount importance to ensure that members are able to make well informed decisions. Conclusion: The article considers the issues of disclosure of information from other countries, United Kingdom, United States and Malawi. It is argued in this article that trustees must be persons who are trustworthy and have the best interest of the members at heart and must therefore familiarize themselves with the laws that regulate their duties.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.1164-1171
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• 2004

A new multi-scale simulation model is proposed to analyze heart mechanics. Electrophysiology of a cardiac cell is numerically approximated using the previous model of human ventricular myocyte. The ion transports across cell membrane initiated by action potential induce an excitation-contraction mechanism in the cell via cross bridge dynamics. Negroni and Lascano model (NL model) is employed to calculate the tension of cross bridge which is closely related to the ion dynamics in cytoplasm. To convert the tension on cell level into contraction force of cardiac muscle, we introduce a simple geometric model of ventricle with a thin-walled hemispheric shape. It is assumed that cardiac tissue is composed of a set of cardiac myocytes and its orientation on the hemispheric surface of ventricle remains constant everywhere in the domain. Application of Laplace law to the ventricle model enables us to determine the ventricular pressure that induces blood circulation in a body. A lumped parameter model with 7 compartments is utilized to describe the systemic circulation interacting with the cardiac cell mechanism via NL model and Laplace law. Numerical simulation shows that the ion transports in cell level eventually generate blood hemodynamics on system level via cross bridge dynamics and Laplace law. Computational results using the present multi-scale model are well compared with the existing ones. Especially it is shown that the typical characteristics of heart mechanics, such as pressure volume relation, stroke volume and ejection fraction, can be generated by the present multi-scale cardiovascular model, covering from cardiac cells to circulation system.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2004

In this paper, the all units of residential housing that is not legislated in facility development law are analyzed and foreign design criteria that is related to barrier-free unit housing is comparing to domestic. Through the comparison in front door, living room, bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen, this paper aims to suggest internal barrier-free design criteria. This paper is limited to internal housing which are front door, living room, bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen. Also, the objectives of facility development law are U.S, Japan, German, and in case of U.S, UFAS is established by ADA, in Japan, Heart Building law and detail standard drawing are used, in German, DIN is used. The objective of domestic case study is the latest residential housings that are built over 2003. The flow of study is as follows ; First, the internal items of residential housing are abstracted, and each item is checked in facility development law that is legislated in. Next, through comparison of domestic and foreign facility development law related to housing, common items are abstracted and detail standards are defined. Domestic residential housings are analyzed in those standards. Finally, the problems that is the result of analysis are analyzed and the barrier free design criteria is abstracted in unit housing. Also, more developed items and future study are suggested.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제21권
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• pp.129-151
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• 2003

Nowadays even if environment of international commercial transaction is changing quickly municipal law could not meet with such change accordingly. So far, however, efforts towards unification have prevailingly taken the form of binding instruments, such as non-national or supranational legislation, international conventions or international model laws. Among them, the UNIDROIT Principles with parties' autonomous and yet non-binding character do not only meet the substantive requirements of a true law merchant. In addition they also counter some of the main points of criticism against the modern lex mercatoria. As such the Principles constitute a cornerstone in the lex mercatoria debate and may become the heart of the new lex mercatoria. The purpose of this article is to ask whether there could be applied the Principles in international commerce. For the purpose it is to investigate when the Principles are applied in international commerce and how effectively the Principles are applied for the decision in international commercial disputes. Even though the Principles are used for reference by parties involved for the voluntary regulation of their contract, it is sufficiently expected that the Principles are to be a stepstone of uniform contract law in international commerce. Until now cases of appling the Principles are not satisfied with its expectation as a source of non-legislative means of unification or harmonization of law. Given the party's autonomy in the contract, this is among other things because business parties are strongly tend to observe their national laws in their international commerce. And also, even though there are a number of neutral and uniform regulations for international commercial contracts, parties do not often recognize their usefulness with being up to expectation. In order to explore the applicability of the Principles a number of cases of ICC International Court of Arbitration and others are quoted.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.680-688
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• 2005

The electrical current generated by heart creates not only electric potential but also a magnetic field. We have observed electrophysiological phenomena of the heart by measuring components of magnetocardiogram(MCG) using 61 channel superconducting quantum interference device(SQUD) system. We have analyzed the possibility and characteristics of MCG parameters for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. A technique for automatic analysis of MCG signals in time domain was developed. The methods for detecting the position, the interval, the amplitude ratio, and the direction of single current dipole were examined in the MCG wave. The position and interval parameters were obtained by calculating the gradients of a envelope curve which could be formed by the difference between the maximum and minimum envelope of multi-channel MCG signals. We show some differences of the frequency contour map between the normal MCG and the abnormal (ischemic heart disease) MCG. The direction of single current dipole can be defined by rotating the magnetic field according to Biot-Savart's law at each point of MCG signals. In this study, we have examined the direction of single current dipole from searching for the centroids of positive and negative magnetic fields. The amplitude ratio parameters for measuring 57 deviation consisted of A$_{T}$/A$_{R}$ and other ratios. and We developed a new analysis method, which is based on the frequency contour map of electromagnetic field. Using theses parameters, we founded significant differences between normal subjects and ischemic patients in some parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to analyze and make comparison between the physical responses such as oxygen consumption rate, heart rate, and EMG-measurement for lifting tasks. Lifting activities with three different working frequencies(5, 8, 11 lifts/min) and two different weights(10, 20kg) for a lifting range(from floor to 76cm height) were studied. It was found that theme are positive correlations between the oxygen consumption rate and the EMG-measurements on the region of law back. Even though these physical responses were influenced by work weights and work frequency, it was found that the work frequency plays more important role in making muscle fatigue than the work weight. From these finding it is suggested that the work frequency should be considered as a more influencing factor than the work weight as long as the weight belongs to the permissible range based on the viewpoint of the biomechanical criterion for designing a job of manual materials handling tasks.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.3-29
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• 2004

This study is on the philosophy and medical science of Lee Gyu Jun, who is the author of SoMunDaeYo and UiGamJungMa. Lee Gyu Jun proposed that Providence is made of Ki, and the Pure Good of Ki is the composing principle of the universe. The Ki could be Pure Good because it embraces Reason of Law inside itself, as a part of itself. This developed as a result of absorbing the ideas from Han and Tang Dynasty's' Ki-Philosophy trend, the latter half of the Joseon Dynasty's Heart Nature Doctrine centered Ri(理:reason)-Monism trend, and Sim (心:heart) centered teachings of Wang Yang Ming, etc. Later, his philosophical Ki-Monism(氣一元 GiIlWon) and SimAngKiReon(心陽氣論) appears exactly in medical science and continues on to Ki-Monism(氣一元 GiIlWon) and SimHwaReon(心火論).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.310-319
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• 2000

WooHwangChungSimWon is a traditional prescription formula for treating with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, coma, and stroke in China, Korea, and Japan. In the new prescription of WooHwangChungSimWon, the civet is substituted for the musk, the major component of WooHwangChungSimwon, because of the prohibition law (CITES) on the commercial use of musk. We have made a comparative study of the effects on the hypertension and contractile force of heart between the musk-containing and civet-containing WooHwangChungSimWon. The SHR rats were used for investigating the effects on the hypertension and the rabbits were used for investigating effects on the contractile force of isolated heart. The blood pressure which was recorded during the adminstration period showed that all the samples except the low dose of musk-containing WooHwangChungSimWon decreased the blood pressure, and the effects on the heart works of all the samples were higher than control group, which resulted from the examination of isolated heart. These results suggest that all the musk-containing and civet-containing WooHwangChungSimWon formula have similar protective effects on hypertension and palpitation.