• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.312-321
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• 1987

To investigate the maternal and child factors associated with early detection of cerebral palsy, 74 mothers of cerebral palsy children who were born since January 1, 1980 and being treated at Taegu Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped, Rehabilitiation Center of Taegu University, St. Paul Children's House and Pusan Welfare Association of Cerebral Palsy Children were interviewed from February to April 1987. There is no association between age of child when parents noticed the child's abnormality and educational level of father but it tend to be detected earlier when education level of mother is college or above compared with high school or under. There is a trend of earlier detection of child's abnormality although statistically not significant in case father is professional or managerial worker, monthly income of father is over \610,000, child is first-born, age of the parents is 34 years or under, child is a boy, and child has periodic well-baby check-up. The child's abnormality is detected earlier when mothers had 7 prenatal visits or more compared with those who had 6 visits or less (p<0.05). Parents noticed the child's abnormality first in 85.1% of the cases whereas doctors detected it first in 2.7% and this percentage was not different whether the child had periodic well-baby check-up or not. The first physician's diagnosis of the children was cerebral palsy in 36.5% and the rest was normal, need for observation, uncertain, etc. Parents took the child to doctor for diagnosis 2-3 months after they noticed the child's abnormality and after the child was diagnosed as cerebral palsy parents either took no therapeutic measure or brought the child to physiotherapy or acupuncture or gave herb medicine before they started specific rehabilitative therapy. For early detection of the cerebral palsy children, teaching of evaluation method for child development should be reinforced both in medical school and clinical training course and should train the specialist for diagnosis and treatment of crippling conditions. Also, public education is needed for the importance of early detection of crippling conditions and currently available methods for diagnosis and treatment.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors. And we want to compare the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors among the provinces. Methods: In order to compare, the data was referred to National health insurance center for affirming the insurance type of the dead. And age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis of each insurance type was analyzed by whole country and the provinces. Related factors of the provinces were gathered from public statistic books. We analysed correlation study between the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors among the provinces. Results: Major findings were as follows 1. The ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis was 5.6. And the ratio was relatively high at 40-60 ages. 2. The ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis by the province was varying. And the factors that were financial independence, crowdedness, percent of people on medical aid, population size served by each public health center, number of hospital by a million peoples have correlated with increment of the ratio. Conclusions: As a consequence of tuberculosis control, the ratio was high. Thus this finding suggests that medical utilization and preventive behavior, environment of tuberculosis patient are under handicapped condition. Especially large cities like metropolitan area who have high financial independence, high population density, high percentage of medical aid peoples have high ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis. There is need for additional and systematic research on the attitude or tendency toward medical services(inc1uding preventive services) utilization of medical aid tuberculosis patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.1 s.25
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• pp.125-135
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• 1989

This paper was carried out to study on correlation between mentally retardation and lead and zinc. The subjects were 297 mentally retarded children: 132 of Bomyung special school and Sunmyung, which were located in Taegu city of Korea. The former had their parents but the latter had not. The control group 63 children were randomly seleted from the Dong-in primary school near to Medical School of Kyungpook National University. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model IL-551 connected with CTF atomizer(IL. 655) was used for the analysis of lead and zinc. The mean value of lead in hair of mentally retarded children was $14.97{\pm}3.71ppm$ which is significantly higher than that of control group, $11.36{\pm}2.83ppm$. But the content of zinc was not significant in both groups. In the lead there was no significant correlation to age but significant negative correlation to IQ. Zinc showed significant correlation to age but not to IQ. Among the handicapped children, no signigicant correlation between orphan group and non orphan group. Handicaps of mentally-retarded children were speech impairment, emotional disturbance, double and triple handicaps, sensory impairment and abnormal dietary patterns. There were significantly higher contents of lead compared with normal group, except the latter two groups. The disease conditions of mentally retarded children were mongolism, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and microcephaly. In comparing with mongolism, significant difference were existent only on the cerebral palsy and group of unknown etiology. We attempted to divide their past history into external etiology and internal etiology, but could not find significant difference. In view of the whole results, the relationship between mentally-retarded children and lead was presumed to be the early time exposure rather than long interval exposure during growth and the contact opportunity was considered important subject in maternal and child health care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 1996

Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection ＆ analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss ＆ Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2000

Objectivity：This study was conducted to examine the depression, self-concept, perception of stress & coping strategy in children with chronic physical illness. Methods：Two groups of participants were recruited for this study, 13 children with chronic illness in outpatient or inpatient treatment at Seoul National University Children's Hospital, and 13 nonpatient children. They were assessed using Korean form of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (PHSCS), Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) and three subscaleds('color how you feel' 'color how others make you feel' 'A children in the rain' of Children's Self-Report and Projective Inventory(CSRPI). Result：There were significant differences between the chronic ill children and the healthy children in scores of depression and self-concept. The chronicity ill children were more depressive and had very negative self-concept, and obtained significantly lower scores than the healthy children in the subscales of PHSCS, 'intellectual/school status' and 'popularity' Among three scales of CSRPI, there was no difference in 'color how you feel' and 'color how others make you feel' But there were significant differences in all items of 'A child in the rain'(quantity of raining, duration of raining, tool, and effectiveness). 'Duration of raining' correlated most negatively with PHSCS scores, and correlated positively with CDI scores. Conclusion：The children with chronic illness are more depressive and have very negative selfconcept. And they feel that the stresses are more permanent, but have no appropriate coping strategy. The results suggest that the chronic illness strongly affects the psychological and emotional adjustment of children(i.e. depression, peer relation, stress coping strategy).

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.1 s.43
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• pp.47-64
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop, apply and evaluate the teaching learning plan for disabled experimental activity to evaluate the accessibility of middle school experimental facilities. Three main resources such as 2 hours teaching learning plan for disabled activity, recording sheets and evaluation sheets had been developed. The process plan had been applied 214 senior students in 7 middle schools purposely selected by areas, constructed years, number of stories of school during November to December, 2005. General accessible levels of middle school facilities was somewhat inadequate especially exterior slops, toilets, bowls were the most unaccessible ones. Most of all students had accidents and/or injuries in school environments from minor to major ones. Male Students were more likely than female Students to get injuries. Students experience of accidents and injuries and awareness of inconvenience, danger, needed facilities supported. the result of the accessibility levels evaluated by disabled activities. Students were generally satisfied with and positive to the teaching learning process plan developed and applied in this study. Students had improved critical Perspectives as well as awareness of inaccessible chances in the school facilities through the experimental process. The evaluation as differed by school characteristics and students' interests in disability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.132-144
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the association between satisfaction with assistive technology devices and psychosocial impact among some mentally or physically disabled children. Methods: The study subjects were 120 disabled children and their primary caregivers who were using rental assistive technology devices in Gwangju and Jeollanam-Do. Data were collected by structured questionnaire composed of general characteristics of subjects, characteristics related with using assistive devices. Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0 (QUEST 2.0) and Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Device Scale (PIADS). The statistical analysis were performed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlational analysis. Results: The total mean score for QUEST 2.0 was $4.08{\pm}0.66$ (satisfaction with devices, $4.01{\pm}0.70$; satisfaction with the assistive devices service, $4.14{\pm}0.90$) and the mean of PIADS was $1.00{\pm}0.75$ (ability, $0.99{\pm}0.78$; adaptability, $1.04{\pm}0.86$; self-respect, $0.99{\pm}0.74$). The scores of PIADS was statistically significant difference according to usage time of assistive devices. The PIADS was significantly positive correlated with QUEST 2.0 Conclusions: The mentally or physically disabled children reported that the higher level of satisfaction and the more positive impact of psychosocial aspect with assistive technology devices. It would be necessary to perform further studies for addressing the effects of assistive technology devices.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2006

It is widely known that individuals with mental retardation (MR) and Down's syndrome (DS) often develop early onset periodontal diseases. In this study, the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in MR persons and DS patients was compared with normal persons. Plaque index and gingival index were measured. Five periodontopathic bacteria, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum were surveyed in subgingival plaque samples by the polymerase chain reaction. Results : 1. Plaque index and gingival index were higher in MR persons group and DS patients group than normal persons group (p<0.05). 2. The prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in normal persons group were lower than that of MR persons group and DS. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans(P<0.05). 3. Prevalence of P. gingivalis(5.9%) at age 8-10 was lower than other ages in normal persons group, and its prevalence increased with age Prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans at MR persons group and DS patients group were higher than those of same ages of normal persons group. 4. Plaque index was associated with T. denticola and gingival index was associated with T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans(P<0.05). These results suggested that plaque index, gingival index and prevalence of periodontopathic pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, T. denticola and A actinomycetemcomitans in DS patients group and MR persons group are higher than those of normal persons group.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 1996

The purpose of the study is to identify the lived experience of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy in order to understand their agony. Moreover, the result of study was to find some nursing intervention for disabled children and their mothers. For this purpose, ten mothers who are willing to cooperate with this research were selected at random from those who have children with the cerebral palsy, currently using the municipal facilities for the handicapped with cerebral malfunction. Data collection was done from October 4, 1994 th December 31, 1994. The data were collected by asking the mothers mentioned above with some unstructured open-ended questions, recorded on the tapes with permission by the interviewee in order to prevent missing of the interviewed contents. These collected data have been substantiated and properly analyzed on the basis of phenomenological approach initiated by Colaizzi's method. The results and validity are proved to be credible by means of the individual checking of the interviewed mothers. The results of this study are as follows : 1. When the mother is first informed of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy on her child, she usually misses the crucial timing needed for proper treatment of the child's disorder because she is notified through the doctor's indifference and his apparently inactive, matter-of-fact attitude. At first she suspects the doctor's diagnosis and tries to attribute it to the unknown cause from a certain genetic problem and then she quickly wants to deny the whole situation that her child is really suffering from the cerebral palsy. The reality is too much for her to accept as it is and she would not believe her child is abnormal. Therefore, she even attempts depend on the power of God for its solution. 2. The mother, who goes thorough this kind of uncommon experiences, is totally devoted to the treatment and care of the child and completely ignores her own life and happiness. At the same time, she feels sorry for her other normal children she believes having not enough care and concern. Also, she feels sorry for the sick child when the child's brothers or sisters show special concern for the patient out of sympathy. It is sorry and not satisfied for her that the child is growing with abnormality and neighbor other around have inappropriate attitudes. Likewise, she is discontent with her husband's lack of concern about the child's treatment. She believes that the health care system in this society isn't fulfilling its due purpose. In the state of her utmost distress and anxiety, she always feels the need of competent consultants, and is angry about that her child is treated as an abnormal being, she is trying to hide the child from other people and to make him or her disappear, if possible. Although she doesn't have harmonious relation with her husband, she id happy when he shows his affection for the child and she feels relieved and thankful when the relatives don't mention about the child's condition Since the child's overall status of health is continuously in unstable conditions, requiring her all-time readiness for an emergency, she feels guilty of her child's illness toward the fEmily members as if it was her own fault to have borne such an abnormal child and she feels responsible for the child morally and financially if necessary Because her life is centered on taking care of the child, she cannot afford to enjoy her own life and happiness. She is a lonely mother, fatigued, with no proper relationship with other people around her. With this sense of guilt and responsibility as a mother of an unusual disease, she has no choice but to grieve her destiny from which she is not allowed to escape. 3. Nevertheless, the mother with the child suffering from the cerebral palsy does not easily give up the hope of getting her child cured and she believes that in the long run, though slower than hoped, her abnormal son or daughter will be eventually cured to become a normal sibling someday. This kind of hope is sustained by the mother's strong faith coming from observing the progress of other similar children getting better. Sometimes she is encouraged to have this faith by other mothers who share the same painful experiences, believing that her child will improve even more rapidly than others with the same palsy. Full of hope, she painstakingly waits for the child's healing. Moreover, she plans to have another child. she thinks that the patient child's brothers and sisters only can truly understand and look after the patients. However, when she notices that the progress of other children under the treatment does not look so hopeful, she is distressed by the thoughts that her child may never get well. Too, she is worried that the patient's brother or sister will be born as the same invalid with the cerebral disease. She is discouraged to have another baby as much as she is encouraged to. She is also troubled by the thought that in case she has another baby, she will have to be forced. to neglect the patient child, especially when she does have an extra hand or some reliable person to help her with taking care of the patient.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-32
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• 1998

A questionaire was conducted to obtain ran satisfactions in information of the 325 disabled persons among the total 9,314 handicapped people in Taejon area, and was surveyed during the period of June 1 to August 31, 1997. The results are as follows: 1. Among the studied disabled persons, $54.5\%$ of male, and $45.5\%$ of female. 2. Before disabled in occupation, $32.0\%$ of out of work group were high, $6.5\%$ of farm, student group were low. Before disabled in occupation by gender, male group is $29.9\%$ of out of work group were high, $0.6\%$ of housework group were low. female group is$34.5\%$ of out of work group were high, $4.7\%$ of student group were low(P<0.001). 3. After disabled in occupation, $75.1\%$ of out of work group wert high, $10.8\%$ of in working group were low. After disabled in occupation by gender, male group is $87.6\%$ of out of work group were high, $1.7\%$ of housework group were low. female group is $60.1\%$ of out of work group were hgh, $10.8\%$ of in working group were low(P<0.001). 4. Medical security status, $64.9\%$ of medical aid group wore high, $35.1\%$ of medical insurance group were low. Medical security status by gender, male group is $71.2\%$ of medical aid group were high, $28.8\%$ of medical insurance group were Iew. female group is $57.4\%$ of medical aid group wan high, $42.6\%$ of medical insurance were low(P<0.01). 5. Disabled record status, $68.6\%$ of record group were high, $31.4\%$ of non group were low. Disabled record status by gender, male group is $78.5\%$ of record group were high, $21.5\%$ of non record group were low. female group is $56.6\%$ of record group were high, $43.4%$ of non record group were low(P<0.001). 6. Disabled duration status, $42.2\%$ of loss than 9 year group were high, $10.2\%\;of\;20-29,\;30-39$ year group were low. Disabled duration status by gender,'male group is $44.6\%$ of less than 9 year group were high, $6.2\%$ of 20-29 year group wert low. female group is $39.2\%$ of less than 9 year were high, $39.2\%$ of 30-39 year group were low (P<0.05). 7. Cause of disabled status, $26.5\%$ of other group, $23.7\%$ of congenital group were high. $9.2\%$ of unknown group, $6.8\%$ of industry accident, $2.5\%$ of drug poisoning group were low. Cause of disabled status by gender, male group is $27.7\%$ of other group, $23.7\%$ of congenital group were high, $2.3\%$ drug poisoning group were low. female group is $25.0\%$ of other group, $20.9\%$ of congenital group were high, $2.5\%$ of drug poisoning group were low (P<0.001). 8. Disabled type status, $19.4\%$ of double disabled group were high, $2.2\%$ of muscle paralysis group were low. Disabled type status by gender, male group is $22.0\%$ of double disabled group were high, $2.3\%$ of muscle paralysis group were low. female group is $23.3\%$ of rheumatism group were high, $0.7\%$ of amputation group were low(P<0.001). 9. Smoking status, $73.2\%$ of non smoking group were high, $26.8\%$ of smoking group were low. Smoking status by gender, male group is $59.9\%$ of double non smoking group were high, $40.1\%$ of Smoking group were low, female group is $89.2\%$ of non smoking group were high, $10.8\%$ of smoking group were low(P<0.001). 10. Drinking status, $80.0\%$ of non drinking group were high, $20.0\%$ of drinking group were low. Drinking status by gender, male group is $72.3\%$ of non drinking group were high, $27.7\%$ of drinking group were low. female group is $89.2\%$ of non drinking group were high, $10.8\%$ of drinking group were low(P<0.001). 11. Stress level status, $52.9\%$ of high stress group were high, $1.8\%$ of very severe stress group were low. Stress level status by gender, male group is $50.8\%$ of high stress group were high, $2.3\%$ of very severe stress group were low. female group is $55.4\%$of high stress group were high, $1.4\%$ of very severe stress group were low. 12. Heed status, $28.0\%$ of economic support were high, $4.6\%$ of speech therapy, brace group were low. Need status by Sender, male group is $2i2\%$ of economic support group were high, $4.5\%$ of bracegroup were low. female group is$27.7\%$ of economic support group were high, $3.4\%$ of speech therapy group were low. 13. Care satisfaction comparision, 3.09, 0.55 point of IBR, 4.01, 0.45 point of CHR(P<0.001). 14. The variables which had positive correlation with IBR were gender(r=0.1406, P<0.01), age(r=0.1872, p<0.001), economic level(r=0.1246, P<0.05), disabled record(r=0.1137, P<0.05), education level(r=-0.1122. p<0.05). 15. The variables which had positive : correlation with CBR were gender(r=0.1613, P<0.01), age(r=0.2255, P<0.001). list of family(r=0.12i3, P<0.01), disabled record(r=0.1273, P<0.05). education level(r=-0.1294, P<0.01).