• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제27권3_4호
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• pp.915-931
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• 2009

The non-rigid molecule group theory in which the dynamical symmetry operations are defined as physical operations is applied to deduce the character table of the full non-rigid molecule group (f-NRG) of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine The f-NRG of this molecule is seen to be isomorphic to the group $\mathbb{Z}_3{\wr}(\mathbb{Z}_2{\times}\mathbb{Z}_2)$, where $\mathbb{Z}_n$ is the cyclic group of order n, of order 324 which has 45 conjugacy classes. We determine the some properties and relations between characters of the group. Also, we examine the symmetry group of this molecule and show that its symmetry group is $\mathbb{Z}_2{\times}\mathbb{Z}_2$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.525-538
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• 2018

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, and anxiety that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The reported pharmacological properties of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) include anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of TMP and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. This study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of TMP on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Rats were given TMP (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of TMP significantly reduced grooming behavior, increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. TMP administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning and significantly restored the neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in 5-HT tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The increased 5-HT concentration during TMP treatment might be partially attribute to the tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid mRNA level expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These findings support a role for reducing the altered serotonergic transmission in rats with PTSD. TMP simultaneously attenuated the HPA axis dysfunction. Therefore, TMP may be useful for developing an agent for treating psychiatric disorders, such those observed in patients with PTSD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.944-950
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• 2015

본 연구는 국내 전통식품 품질인증 된장에 대한 휘발성 향기 성분 특성을 분석하여 전통된장의 과학적 관리를 위한 기초 자료를 마련하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 수집된 전통된장을 대상으로 headspace SPME-GC/MS 분석을 실시하고 전반적인 국내 유통 전통된장의 휘발성 성분 패턴을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 총 59종의 성분이 동정되었고 각각 acids 8종, alcohols 8종, aldehydes 8종, esters 15종, ketones 2종, phenols 4종, pyrazines 9종, miscellaneous 5종으로 확인되었다. 전통된장의 주요성분은 acid류, ester류, aldehyde류 및 pyrazine류였으며, 그중 acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine 및 tetramethylpyrazine이 동정된 전통된장의 휘발성 성분 중 비교적 높은 강도를 차지하였다. 주성분 분석 결과 대부분의 전통된장은 기본적인 휘발성 향기성분의 조성이 유사한 것으로 나타났으나 isovaleric acid, 2-methylbenzaldehyde, tetramethylpyrazine, benzaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, ethyl caprylate, furfural, butanoic acid 성분들이 일부 된장에서 특이적으로 높아 이들 성분이 전통된장의 품질지표가 될 수 있을 것이라 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 전통식품 품질인증 된장에 대한 휘발성 향기 특성을 데이터베이스화하여 품질 현황을 파악하고 지속적인 품질관리를 통한 제품 발전의 방안으로 제시될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2013

Objectives : Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an active ingredient in Ligusticum wallichii and has a wide range of neuroprotection effects. This study investigated anti-neuroinflammatory effect of TMP on brain regions in intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Methods : TMP was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg at 1 h prior to LPS (3 mg/kg) i.c.v. injection. mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6, was measured in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 h after the LPS injection. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) positive cells in the hypothalamus was also observed using immunohistochemistry at 24 h after the LPS injection. Results : At a dose of 30 mg/kg TMP significantly attenuated up-regulation of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA in the cerebral cortex and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA in the hippocampus. In the hypothalamus, doses of 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg TMP significantly attenuated up-regulation of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 mRNA induced by the LPS injection. In addition, TMP (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of COX-2 positive cells in the hypothalamus. Conclusion : These results indicate that TMP has an anti-inflammatory effect on neuroinflammation, especially in the hypothalamus, induced by LPS i.c.v. injection and suggest that TMP-containing Ligusticum wallichii may play a modulatory role on the systemic responses following hypothalamic inflammation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.481-489
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• 1994

Koji를 첨가한 저식염 멸치젖의 숙성 중 휘발성 향기성분의 변화를 대조구와 분석 비교하였다. 총 106개의 휘발성 성분이 검출되었는데 이 중에서 79개의 화합물은 표준품으로 확인 동정되었다. 이들은 주로 alde-hyde, ketone, alcohol, ester, aromatic hydrocarbon, furan 및 nitrogen-containing화합물로 구성되어 있었다. 숙성 중 두시료에서 aldehyde 및 ester류의 화합물의 종류와 함량이 가장 많았다. 특히 koji를 첨가한 멸치젓에서는 대조구에서는 검출되지 않은 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine 및 tetramethylpyrazine 2-phenylethanol도 검출되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.229-234
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• 1989

균주에 따른 청국장 발효중의 향기성분을 규명하기 위해 증자대두에 Bacillus subtilis 와 Bacillus natto균을 각각 접종시켜 청국장을 만들어 연속 증류 추출장치를 사용하여 향기성분을 추출 농축하고 GC와 GC-MS를 이용하여 향기물질을 분석 동정하였다. 그 결과 증자대두의 중요한 성분으로 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methylpropanoic acid 및 1-octen-3-ol 등이 밝혀졌고, B. subtilis균을 접종한 청국장은 숙성중에 이들 화합물들이 대체로 남아 있었으나, trimethylpyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine 등 7종류의 alkylpyrazine류가 현저히 증가하였다. B. natto균을 접종한 청국장은 증자대두의 중요한 성분들은 대체로 감소하고 alkylpyrazine 류 특히 tetramethylpyrazine 류는 숙성중에 현저히 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 alkylpyrazine 류는 대두 냄새를 masking 하고 청국장의 향기에 크게 기여함을 알았다. 또 이들 향기성분들의 함량차는 두 가지 균을 접종한 청국장이 각각 다른 향기를 내는 요인이 되는 것 같다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2000

시금장 대량생산을 위한 기초자료로써 보리메주의 발효기간에 따른 향기성분을 조사하였다. pH는 발효기간에 따라서 pH $5.2{\sim}5.6$로 별차이가 없었다. L값과 b값은 발효기간이 지남에 따라서 점차 감소하였으며, a값은 발효 5일째까지는 점차 증가 하였으며 15일차이후에는 점차 감소하였다. 보리메주에서 분리 동정된 향기성분은 총 75종이었다. 관능기별로는 aldehyde와 ketone류가 각각 10종이 동정되어 다수를 차지하였고, acid와 phenol류가 각각 9종, alcohol류와 hydrocarbon류가 7종, ester류는 6종, pyrazine류는 3종, 질소함유화합물과 furan류가 각각 2종, 그리고 기타 11종이 동정되었다. 함량별로는 ethyl acetate가 $67.8{\sim}89.1%$로 가장 많은 함량을 차지하였으며, hexadecanoic acid($1.21{\sim}12.00%)$, tetramethylpyrazine($0.06{\sim}12.30%$) 등의 순으로 많았다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2005

The relationship between Sigumjang gas chromatographic patterns precisely analyzed with capillary column and ranked order in sensory analysis was investigated by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Highly predictable multiple regression models were obtained in the analysis. Ninety percent of the Sigumjang aroma was explained by the regression models at step 15 in four transformation except for absolute value transformed with root square and relative value transformed with logarithm. The aroma of Sigumjang was most affected by 2,3-dimethylpyrazine at absolute value and absolute value transformed with logarithm and by 2-furancarboxaldehyde in other transformation. The quality of sigumjang was highly affected by ${\beta}$-phallendrenal, methylpyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, unknown 2, octanoic acid, 4-ethylphenol, methyl 10,13-octadecanoate and ethyl linoleate.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.454-458
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• 1995

Alkylpyrazines in snow crab cooker effluent(SCCE) and effluent concentrate(EC) were quantitatively analyzed and compared by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(SDE/GC/MS). A total of 11 pyrazines were identified in both SCCE and EC. Amounts of tetramethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine were 23.0, 21.1, 13.8, and 13.3 times higher, respectively, in EC than those in SCCE. The total amount of pyrzines in EC (1664.0${\pm}$171.1ng/g) was 8.1 times higher than that in SCCE(204.5${\pm}$32.2). The compounds, ethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, were only detected in EC.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2002

Ligusticum Chuanxiong and its components were reviewed in terms of pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Three components of about 40 chemical components in Chuanxiong tetramethylpyrazine, ferulinolol and Butylidenephthalide have mainly been studied for its pharmacodynamic mechanisms which are focused on the increase in blood flow and anti-oxidative stress. The mechanisms for the effects of Chuanxiong on the increase in blood flow can be summarized as four ways, 1) anti-coagulation 2) blocker of ${\beta}1$ adrenergic receptor 3) cellular control of Ca++ level 4) collagen synthesis. Chuanxiong also showed the effectiveness on free radical-induced injury. It seems that its effectiveness is also related to the mechanisms for the increase in blood flow.