• 산경연구논집
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2019

Purpose - The objective of this paper is to discover if there exists a relationship between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Because of the distribution industry boom in the recent years, a lot of interest in the relationship between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean and the economy has been generated. This article examine on the mutual influence between economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Research design, data, and methodology - For this purpose, we use the vector-auto regression model, impulse response function and variance decomposition of the economic index and distribution industry index, Granger causality test using weekly data on the economic index and distribution industry price index in korea. The sample period is covering from January 2, 2010 to August 31, 2019. The VAR model can also be linked to cointegration analysis. Cointegration Analysis makes possible to find a mechanism causing x and y to move around a long-run equilibrium (Engle and Granger, 1987). This equilibrium means that external shocks may separate the series temporarily at any particular time, but there will be an overall tendency towards some type of long-run equilibrium. If variables are found to have this tendency they are said to be cointegrated and a long-run relationship between these series is established. These econometric tools have been applied widely into economics and business areas to analyze intertemporal linkages between different time series. Results - This research showed following main results. First, from the basic statistic analysis of the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean, the economic index and the distribution industry index in korea have unit roots. Second, there is at least one cointegration between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Finally, the correlation between of the economic index and the distribution industry index in korea is (+) 0.528876. Conclusions - We find that the distribution industry price index Granger cause the economic index in korea. As a consequence, the distribution industry index affect the economic index in Korean. The distribution industry index to the economic index is stronger than that from the economic index to the distribution industry index.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.516-524
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 최근 국내에서 확산되고 있는 장애아동을 위한 자기결정 집단프로그램의 효과크기를 통합하여 제시하고, 보다 효과적인 자기결정 집단프로그램의 실천전략을 제시하기 위하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 자료 수집은 2017년 6월까지 국내에서 발표된 석 박사 학위논문 및 학술지에 게재된 논문 중 메타분석의 대상선정기준에 따라 최종 17편의 논문을 선정하여 분석하였다. 메타분석을 위해서는 CMA(Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) software 2.0을 사용하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구문제 1은 '자기결정 집단프로그램의 평균효과크기는 어느 정도인가'이었다. 연구결과, 랜덤효과모형에 따라 자기결정력의 효과크기는 1.695, 사회기술은 1.316로 나타나서 모두 큰 효과크기를 나타내고 있었다. 둘째, 연구문제 2는 '자기결정 집단프로그램은 조절변수에 따라 효과크기가 다른가?' 이었다 통계적으로 유의미한 변수는 '자기결정력'에 있어서 연령, 장애유형, 총 횟수, 주당 횟수, 1회당 시간, 진행자 전공 등이었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 결과와 함의를 제언하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2009

To survey the status of quality control of major ingredients of 'Ssanghwatang (Oriental medicine used for fatigue)', we analyzed 1,024 samples (9 kinds) of medical herbs to determine amounts of ashes, acid-insoluble ashes, loss on drying that are major elements to ensure basic quality of herbal drugstuffs. After ash analysis, Paeoniae Radix (from China) failed to meet the herbal standard criterion. After yielding Z-score(indicating the probability of exceeding its criterion) Zizyphi Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata became objects of intense quality control (=IQC). Analysis on loss on drying shows Cinnamomi Cortex was unsuitable and was put under the IQC. In case of respective heavy metals, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Cortex exceeded the maximum permissible range for Cd. The 3 kinds of sub-standards were put to the IQC. Statistic figures showed a significant correlation (t-test, p<0.01) between country-of-origin and sub-quality rates. Compared to domestic one, imported medicinal herbs were less suitable in regard of acid-insoluble ash, loss on drying and Pb/Hg content. Meanwhile, amounts of Acid-insoluble ash showed positive relation with amounts of Pb (r=0.202) and As (r=0.243) among heavy metals leading to an inference that herbs of which root/rhizome is used for medical purposes attribute its high heavy metal content to the fine earth/sand being stuck to its root stalk.

• 농촌계획
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to develop an evaluation method of regional vulnerability to agricultural drought and to classify the vulnerability patterns. In order to test the method, 24 city or county areas of Gyeonggi-do were chose. First, statistic data and digital maps referred for agricultural drought were defined, and the input data of 31 items were set up from 5 categories: land use factor, water resource factor, climate factor, topographic and soil factor, and agricultural production foundation factor. Second, for simplification of the factors, principal component analysis was carried out, and eventually 4 principal components which explain about 80.8% of total variance were extracted. Each of the principal components was explained into the vulnerability components of scale factor, geographical factor, weather factor and agricultural production foundation factor. Next, DVIP (Drought Vulnerability Index for Paddy), was calculated using factor scores from principal components. Last, by means of statistical cluster analysis on the DVIP, the study area was classified as 5 patterns from A to E. The cluster A corresponds to the area where the agricultural industry is insignificant and the agricultural foundation is little equipped, and the cluster B includes typical agricultural areas where the cultivation areas are large but irrigation facilities are still insufficient. As for the cluster C, the corresponding areas are vulnerable to the climate change, and the D cluster applies to the area with extensive forests and high elevation farmlands. The last cluster I indicates the areas where the farmlands are small but most of them are irrigated as much.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2004

교통안전프로그램을 수행하는데 있어서 위험지점을 적합하게 선정한다는 것은 매우 중요하다. 위험지점을 선정하는데 있어서 한계사고율법은 불확실성을 가지는 교통사고를 통계학적으로 해석 할 수 있다는 장점 때문에 자주 사용되어지는 방법이다. 한계사고율법은 교통사고의 발생이 포아송분포를 따른다는 가정에 기반을 두고 있으며 포아송분포에서는 교통사고의 기대값과 분산이 산술적으로 동일하다. 그러나 실제 교통사고자료에는 분산이 기대값보다 큰 현상이 자주 발생하는데 이것을 통계학적으로 과분산이라 정의하며 도로 및 교통여건이 변화하는 한 교통사고자료의 분석시 흔히 발생하는 현상이다. 본 연구에서는 과분산이 발생했을 때 포아송분포에 기반한 한계사고율법의 문제점을 분석하고 극복할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 또한 실제 관측자료를 토대로 본 연구에서 정립된 방법이 기존의 방법보다 통계학적인 측면에서 타당한 결과를 왔다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8093-8100
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• 2016

Background: Genetic and environmental factors play important roles in pathogenesis of digestive tract cancers like those in the esophagus, stomach and colorectum. Folate deficiency and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) as an important enzyme of folate and methionine metabolism are considered crucial for DNA synthesis and methylation. MTHFR variants may cause genomic hypomethylation, which may lead to the development of cancer, and MTHFR gene polymorphisms (especially C677T and A1298C) are known to influence predispositions for cancer development. Several case control association studies of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) have been reported in different populations with contrasting results, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power. Aim: The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the C677T polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: A literature search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer link and Elsevier databases was carried out for potential relevant articles. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated to assess the association of MTHFR C677T with the susceptibility to CRC. Cochran's Q statistic and the inconsistency index (I2) were used to check study heterogeneity. Egger's test and funnel plots were applied to assess publication bias. All statistical analyses were conducted by with MetaAnalyst and MIX version 1.7. Results: Thirty four case-control studies involving a total of 9,143 cases and 11,357 controls were retrieved according to the inclusion criteria. Overall, no significant association was found between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer in Asian populations (for T vs. C: OR=1.03; 95% CI= 0.92-1.5; p= 0.64; for TT vs CC: OR=0.88; 95%CI= 0.74-1.04; p= 0.04; for CT vs. CC: OR = 1.02; 95%CI= 0.93-1.12; p=0.59; for TT+ CT vs. CC: OR=1.07; 95%CI= 0.94-1.22; p=0.87). Conclusions: Evidence from the current meta-analysis indicated that the C677T polymorphism is not associated with CRC risk in Asian populations. Further investigations are needed to offer better insight into any role of this polymorphism in colorectal carcinogenesis.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1451-1462
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• 2007

Heavy metal concentrations in the soil were investigated for the abandoned Samkwang metal mine, Cheongyang-Gun, Chungnam Province, Korea. The concentrations of heavy metal(As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were determined in mine soils collected at the abandoned mine sites to obtain a general classification and specification of the pollution in this highly polluted region. The results estimated with the normal test and basis statistic on the central tendency and variation showed that the distribution of heavy metal concentration had significantly different at the range of all locations. The range of spatial distribution on the relationship of heavy metal concentration and pH was $4.8{\sim}8.8$ and heavy metal concentration on the type of land use was highest in forest land, and also Ni and Zn in farm and rice field showed the high concentration. The distribution of heavy metal concentration on the depth of a soil showed that the metal concentrations in subsoil were higher than of those in surface soil, while the concentration of Cu and Ni had no significant difference on the depth of soil. Results from the correlation analysis using the data except the extreme and unusual data revel that Zn-Cd(r=0.867), Zn-As(r=0.797), Zn-Pb(r=0.764), Cu-Cd(r=0.673), Cu-As(r=0.614) and Zn-Ni(r=0.605) were the most important parameters in assessing variations of heavy metal in soil. To discriminate pattern differences and similarities among samples, principal factor analysis(PFA) and cluster analysis(CF) were performed using a correlation matrix. This study suggests that PFA and CF techniques are useful tools for identification of important heavy metal and parameters. This study presents the necessity and usefulness of multivariate statistical assessment of complex databases in order to get better information about the quality of soil and gives the basis information to clean up the abandoned mine sites.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide information on driving characteristics in persons with spinal cord injury through basic statistic analysis of the survey results. The survey was administered to 44 drivers with spinal cord injury. The subjects' general, neurologic and driving characteristics were analyzed, as well as the degree of difficulty in using their vehicles between tetraplegia and paraplegia. The results were as follows: thirty-five (79.6%) of forty-four respondents was men. The average age was 35.0 years old and the age at the time of injury was 29.0 years old. Their neurologic characteristics were tetraplegics 12 (27.3%) and paraplegics 32 (72.2%). Among complete lesions, the highest level those who could drive independently was C7. All the vehicles were equipped with special devices, including "power steering", "automatic transmission" and "hand controls". The vehicles for cervical cord injury were equipped with "grip bars" as well as for the degree of difficulty in using their vehicles, all the subjects felt that "moving the wheelchair in and out of their vehicles" was too difficult for them to do. We suggest that the driver training should be an essential part of the rehabilitation program for patients with spinal cord injuries to maximize their mobility in the community. This training seems to be essential in order to modify the standards of the Handicapped Drivers Ability Test and to aid the driver rehabilitation program in the health insurance payment system. Also, the driver rehabilitation training program should include instruction in that moving wheelchairs in and out of vehicles.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2000

The arthritis patients suffer from psychological, social and spiritual problems as well as physical problems because the arthritis is not curable and has chronic pain, joint deformity, limitation of activity and physical dysfunction for all of his life. Especially if they do not find the meaning in their lives, they will experience spiritual distress seriously. Therefore, it is important that nurses help the patients to find the meaning in their lives and to reduce spiritual distress. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for nursing intervention strategies to minimize the arthritis patients' spiritual distress and understand the relationship between the meaning of life and the spiritual distress in arthritis patients. The samples were composed of 157 arthritis patients. Data collection was carried out from October 1, 1998 to February 28, 1999. Data were analyzed using a SAS program for descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, linear regression. The results were as follow; 1. The scores on the meaning of life scale ranged from 51 to 130 with a mean of 93. 2. The scores on the spiritual distress scale ranged from 26 to 91 with a mean of 60. 3. There were significant correlations between the meaning of life and the spiritual distress(r=.53, p=.00). 4. The linear regression analysis showed that the meaning of life explained 13% of the spiritual distress. 5. In the degree of the meaning of life and the spiritual distress according to the general characteristics, the level of the meaning of life in arthritis patients was different by the duration of incidence(F=2.71, p=.03). In conclusion, the nursing intervention strategies to reduce the spiritual distress in arthritis patients must take into account the meaning of life.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 최근 국내에서 확산되고 있는 긍정심리학에 기반한 긍정심리 집단프로그램의 효과크기를 통합하여 제시하고, 효과적인 긍정심리 집단프로그램의 실천전략을 제시하기 위하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 자료 수집은 2015년 6월까지 국내에서 발표된 석 박사 학위논문 및 학술지에 게재된 논문 중 메타분석의 대상선정기준에 따라 최종 26편의 논문을 선정하여 분석하였다. 메타분석을 위해서는 CMA(Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) software 2.0을 사용하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 긍정심리 집단프로그램의 평균효과크기를 살펴보면, 행복의 효과크기가 2.078로 가장 높게 나타났고, 심리적 안녕감이 1.847, 긍정정서가 1.645, 삶의 만족이 1.407, 자아존중감이 1.289, 우울이 -1.208인 것으로 나타나서 6가지 종속변수 모두 큰 효과크기를 보였다. 둘째, 긍정심리 집단프로그램의 효과크기가 조절변수에 따라 어떻게 차이가 나는지 살펴보았다. 통계적으로 유의미한 조절변수는 심리적 안녕감과 우울의 경우에 '연령'으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 긍정심리 집단프로그램의 함의와 실천적 전략을 제언하였다.