• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the area of occlusal contact points using visual method. One subject was selected who had Angle Class I, normal dentition, without dental caries, periodontal disease and temporomandibular disorders. Forty times PVS impressions were taken and 10 pairs casts were fabricated using dental super hard stone. After mounting the casts with customized loading apparatus, 78.9kg/f force was loaded as a maximum biting force. In T-Scan method, occlusal contact points measurement was repeated twice. Then, using Photoshop program (Adobe photoshop CS3, Adobe. San Jose, USA), the pixels which indicated occlusal contact points by color was recognized, and the distribution of recognized pixels were calculated to area. In Add picture method, polyether bite material applied to the occlusal surface of the casts. Then, the image of the translucent areas was recorded and classified $0{\sim}10{\mu}m$, $0{\sim}30{\mu}m$, $0{\sim}60{\mu}m$ area by the amount of transmitted light. To acquire occlusal surface, the numbers of pixels from the photograph of the contact area indicated cast converted to $mm^2$. The mean occlusal contact area by two methods was statistically analyzed (paired t-test). Part of the red and pink area in T-Scan image were almost equivalent to the $0{\sim}10{\mu}m$, $0{\sim}30{\mu}m$, $0{\sim}60{\mu}m$ area in Add picture image. The distribution of occlusal contact points were similar, but the average area of occlusal contact points was wider in T-scan image (P<.05). Pink and red area in T-scan image was wider than $0{\sim}10{\mu}m$, $0{\sim}30{\mu}m$ area in Add picture image (P<.05), but similar to $0{\sim}60{\mu}m$area in Add picture image (P>.05). Occlusal contact points in T-scan image did not indicate real occlusal contact points. Occlusal contact areas in T-scan method were enlarged results comparing with those in Add picture method.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the sagittal root position of maxillary anterior teeth and report the frequency of each classification in Korean for immediate implant placement. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of cone-beam computed tomography (cone-beam CT) images was conducted on 120 patients (60 male and 60 female) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After reorientation of the axis, cone-beam CT images were evaluated and the relationship of the sagittal root position (SRP) of the maxillary anterior teeth to its associated osseous housing was recorded. Class I, II, and III were classified respectively when the root was positioned on the labial, central, and palatal aspect of the alveolar bone. Class IV was the position that at least two thirds of the root is engaging both the labial and palatal cortical plates. Then, the angulation of the root axis and the alveolar bone axis was measured. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the angulation according to the root position and SRP class. Results: The frequency distribution of sagittal root position of maxillary anterior teeth indicated that 81.1%, 10.3%, 1.9%, and 6.7% were classified as Class I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The sagittal angulation at approximately 77.5% of central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine was < 20 degrees, but the angle at more than 42.7% of canine was ≥ 20 degrees. Within the class, the angulation was statistically significantly greater in Class I (16.19) compared to Class II (8.72) and Class III (9.93), and smaller in Class IV (3.79). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, a majority of the maxillary anterior roots were positioned close to the buccal cortical plate. However, some roots have very thin alveolar bone and sagittal angulation larger than 30 degrees. Therefore, cone-beam CT analyses of the sagittal root position and the sagittal angulation are recommended for the selection of the appropriate dental implant treatment approach.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.613-622
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• 1996

Constrictive bronchiolitis, one of small airway diseases, is very rare and occupies one of the two arms of bronchiolitis obliterans together with proliferative bronchiolitis. Proliferative bronchiolitis, presenting the prototype with bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia(BOOP), can be easily taken into diagnostic consideration in terms of relatively rapid clinical course and radiologic presentation as if atypical pneumonia with interstitial and alveolar infiltrations. Meanwhile constrictive bronchiolitis is not only very Tare but also easily overlooked as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as emphysema, because it usually shows normal chest radiographic finding and obstructive pattern in pulmonary function test. In the aspects of the response to treatment, proliferative bronchiolitis showed dramatic response to the corticosteroid while constrictive bronchiolitis is intractable, which is easily explained on the basis of the pathologic characteristics of cicartrical replacement of bronchiolar walls. The bronchiolitis, both proliferative and constrictive, can be associated with diverse conditions such as inhalational injury, postinfectious process, drug of chemical induced reactions, connective tissue diseases, and organ trasplantation. And there is idiopathic type which has no associated condition. There is one explanation that both types of bronchiolitis lie on the same disease spectrum because the different disease pattern can be evoked from the same etiology. In contrast, another explanation is suggested that both types of bronchiolitis are one of nonspecific tissue reaction rather than a disease specific histologic finding because the various types of causes can provoke the same histologic findings. These dilemma remains for further investigation. With literature investigation, the authors report a case of constrictive bronchiolitis proven by open lung biopsy in 47 year old female who was diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and simultaneously had relatively rapid progression of airflow obstruction and showed negative radiographic finding without the rise factors for the development of chronic obstructive lung disease. We consider it as idiopathic because we could not find any relationship between constrictive bronchiolitis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on the literature search and it requires further investigation.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.182-196
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• 2012

This study investigates the optimal application of perilla leaves to fresh noodles in terms of a variety of beneficial effects and functions such as the anti-microbial function of the leaves. First, we measured the water contents of the fresh noodles and found that the ones added with 7% lyophilized perilla leaf extract showed the maximum water contents whereas the control noodles without perilla leaf extract the minimum. Increasing amount of raw perilla leaf extract or lysophilzed perilla leaves in the fresh noodles elevated the L value and significantly reduced the A value. The mass and volume of the fresh noodles were gradually decreased with raw perilla leaves added. Addition of raw perilla leaf extract and lyophilized perilla leaves decreased the turbidity of the fresh noodles. Hardness of the fresh noodles was increased by the addition of lyophilized Perilla leaves. Next, we tested the effect of the addition of sesame leaves on microbial growth. No microbes were found in the fresh noodles in the absence or presence of sesame leaves at day 0. When the noodles were stored for 3 days, the greatest number of bacteria was detected in the noodles without perilla leaves while addition of perilla leaves lowered the amount of bacteria in the noodles. We then performed the sensory test. For the raw perilla leaf extract addition, the noodles with 9% of extract exhibited the highest in appearance, flavor, color (6.47), texture (6.60), and overall acceptability (7.67). Texture was the highest in the ones with 3% (6.87) and 5% (6.20) of extracts added. Overall acceptability (7.07) was the best when 3% perilla leaves were added. Overall, 9% addition of raw perilla leaf extract or 3% addition of lysophilized perilla leaves showed optimal tastes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2016

Mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) including two canonical EF hands, located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, is known to play a crucial role in the calcium uptake in mitochondria. Mitochondrial calcium uptake in muscular cells is related to post mortem shortening by calcium release from muscles. Therefore, the porcine MICU1 gene has been estimated as a genetic candidate for meat quality traits. In this study, variations on the exonic regions of the porcine MICU1 gene were investigated by sequencing cDNAs and tested for their association with meat quality traits. A total of 667 Berkshire heads (347 sows and 320 castrated boars) were used for this association test. Three SNPs were detected on the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the porcine MICU1 gene. SNP1 (c.*136G>A) was associated with drip loss (p=0.017) and intramuscular fat content (p=0.039). In addition, SNP2 (c.*222G>A) and SNP3 (c.*485G>A) were associated with drip loss (p=0.018) and intramuscular fat content (p<0.001), respectively. In conclusion, it was verified that three variations on the 3' UTR of the porcine MICU1 gene were significantly associated with meat quality traits. It was also suggested that molecular biological analyses are needed to validate the function of variations on the 3 UTR of the porcine MICU1 gene.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.403-430
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate how the use of graphing calculators influence on forming students' mathematical concept of algebra, students' mathematical connection, and attitude toward mathematics. First, graphing calculators give instant feedback to students as they make students compare their written answers with the results, which helps students learn equations and linear inequalities for themselves. In respect of quadratic inequalities they help students to correct wrong concepts and understand fundamental concepts, and with regard to functions students can draw graphs more easily using graphing calculators, which means that the difficulty of drawing graphs can not be hindrance to student's learning functions. Moreover students could understand functions intuitively by using graphing calculators and explored math problems volunteerly. As a result, students were able to perceive faster the concepts of functions that they considered difficult and remain the concepts in their mind for a long time. Second, most of students could not think of connection among equations, equalities and functions. However, they could understand the connection among equations, equalities and functions more easily. Additionally students could focus on changing the real life into the algebraic expression by modeling without the fear of calculating, which made students relieve the burden of calculating and realize the usefulness of mathematics through the experience of solving the real-life problems. Third, we identified the change of six students' attitude through preliminary and an ex post facto attitude test. Five of six students came to have positive attitude toward mathematics, but only one student came to have negative attitude. However, all of the students showed positive attitude toward using graphing calculators in math class. That's because they could have more interest in mathematics by the strengthened and visualization of graphing calculators which helped them understand difficult algebraic concepts, which gave them a sense of achievement. Also, students could relieve the burden of calculating and have confidence. In a conclusion, using graphing calculators in algebra and function class has many advantages : formulating mathematics concepts, mathematical connection, and enhancing positive attitude toward mathematics. Therefore we need more research of the effect of using calculators, practical classroom materials, instruction models and assessment tools for graphing calculators. Lastly We need to make the classroom environment more adequate for using graphing calculators in math classes.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1999

Purpose : VUR is state where urine regurge from bladder to ureter and kidney. It is shown in about 1/3 of urinary tract infection patients and it is classified as grade I to V. We compared results from RI VCUG(Radiisotope voiding cystourethrography) and X-ray VCUG which used in diagnosing VUR in children, to evaluate which is better in diagnosing VUR in children. Methods : 41 Patients(19 males, 21 females), who visited Pediatric department, Soonchunhyang university Hospital from peroid of 1991. January to 1998. July for recurrent urinary tract infection or abnormalities in ultrasonogams, were enrolled in the study. The age ranged from 9 months to 17 years and mean age was 5 1/2 years. Both RI VCUG and X-ray VCUG were done and follow-up test of urine culture, renal ultrasonogram and RI VCUG were done every month, every 3 month and every 6 month, respectively to observe the disappearance of VUR and evaluated the prognosis. Results : 24 patients had taken RI VCUG and 17(70.1%) patients showed positive result. 22 patients had taken X-ray VCUG and 9(40.1%) patients showed findings of VUR. 17 patients had taken both tests and 14 patients showed positive result in RI VCUG and 6 of these patients also showed reflux in X-ray VCUG. 3 patients who showed negative in RI VCUG, showed negative also in X-ray VCUG. For prognosis, resolution and scar formation was shown in 8 patients each. Persistent VUR was shown in 6 patients and 2 of these patients VUR was corrected by operation, 1 patient showed decreased renal function, and 1 patient was not follwed up. 8 of 9 patients who showed findings of VUR on DMSA scan formed a scar and 8 patients who showed no findings of VUR didn't form a scar. Urine culture was positive in 17 of 19 patients with VUR. Positive rate in urine culture was higher than that of patients with no VUR who showed positivity in 15 of 21 patients for urine culture. E. coli was most common organism and the period free of UTI was 14 months in VUR patients and it was shorter compared to patients without VUR which was 26 months. Conclusion : In diagnosing VUR in children, the positive rate was higher in RI VCUG than X-ray VCUG. Therefore, in early diagnosis when VUR is suspicious but not shown in X-ray VCUG, RI VCUG should be done and it will help to make accurate diagnosis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 2004

Purpose: Present study has been undertaken to determine the distribution of various renal diseases causing asymptomatic hematuria in children and to evaluate the benefit of doing renal biopsy in these children. Methods: Study population consisted of 146 children with asymptomatic primary hematuria who had been admitted to the pediatric departmen of Kyungpook National University Hospital for the past 4 years from 1999 to 2002. In 122 out of 146 cases, renal biopsy was performed percutaneously and in 24 out of 146 cases, diagnosed as idiopathic hypercalciuria, oral calcium loading test was performed. Results: The age$(mean{\pm}SD)$ at onset or discovery of hematuria of the 146 children in-cluded in this study was $8.0\pm3.2$ years and the proportion of boys and girls was 54.8% and 45.2%, respectively. In 76 out of 146 cases(52%), asymptomatic hematuria was first diagnosed by school urinalysis screening. The proportion of histopathologic findings based on 122 biopsies was as follows : Thin Glomerular Basement Membrane(TGBM) 73 cases(50%): IgA nephropathy 20 cases(14%): Alport syndrome 6 cases(4%), Membranous Glomerulonephropathy(MGN) 4 cases(3%): Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis(MPGN) 2 cases(1%); IgA nephropathy with TGBM 3 cases(2%): 'normal' glomeruli 14 cases(10%) Twenty four cases (16%) were diagnosed as idiopathic hypercalciuria. During follow-up periods, 15% of 146 cases became hematuria-free and renal function did not deteriorate in any cases. Conclusion: Unless hematuric children manifest poor prognostic indicators for renal survival, we would recommend long term regular follow-up prior to a renal biopsy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.455-459
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• 2012

Nine dogs presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University and Woosung Animal Hospital with a history of pelvic limb lameness. On physical examination, 9 dogs all showed a consistent weight bearing lameness and mild muscle atrophy. There was cranial drawer sign with pain in 9 dogs. Mediolateral radiographic projection revealed cranial subluxation of the tibial tuberosity in a tibial compression view. The right and left stifle joints were affected in 7 dogs and 2 dogs respectively. TightRope cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) technique for treatment of CCL deficiency was performed. Polyester and nylon were used to stabilize the stifle in 3 dogs and 6 dogs respectively. Suture sizes were 0.8 mm (n = 2), 0.9 mm (n = 4), 1.1 mm (n = 2), and $1.1mm{\times}2$ strands (n = 1) in diameter. Mean (${\pm}SD$) surgical duration was $48.3{\pm}8.5$ minutes (range 35 to 60 minutes). Preoperative and postoperative mean (${\pm}SD$) cranial drawer signs were $8.6{\pm}1.6$ mm (rage 7 to 12 mm) and $1.2{\pm}1.0$ mm (rage 0 to 3 mm) respectively. Immediate postoperative radiographs of the affected limb revealed no evidence of cranial subluxation of the tibial tuberosity in a tibial compression view of 9 dogs. Normal limb function was regained in 8 dogs within 8 weeks postoperatively. A consistent weight bearing lameness resolved in all dogs after TightRope CCL technique, but reoccurred in one dog (case No. 6) 2 weeks after surgery. Cranial subluxation of the tibial tuberosity was identified in a tibial compression test. During the second surgery, breakage of surgical button was identified and a tibial wedge osteotomy was performed. Based on surgical time, complication, stifle stability, and functional recovery, the present study indicated that TightRope CCL technique is effective treatment for the dogs with CCL deficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1031-1031
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• 2001

The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.