• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.303-310
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• 2003

The phase behavior of binary blends of dimethylpolycarbonate-tetramethyl polycarbonate (DMPCTMPC) copolycarbonates and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers has been examined and then compared with that of DMPC/TMPC/SAN ternary blends having the same chemical components and compositions except that the DMPC and TMPC were present in the form of homopolymers. Both binary and ternary blends were miscible at certain blends compositions, and the miscible blends showed the LCST-type phase behavior or did not phase separated until thermal degradation temperature. The miscible region of binary blends is wider than that of the corresponding ternary blends. Furthermore, the phase-separation temperatures of miscible binary blends are higher than those of miscible ternary blends at the same chemical compositions. To explain the destabilization of polymer mixture with the increase of the number of component, interaction energies of binary pairs involved in these blends were calculated from the phase separation temperatures using lattice-fluid theory and then the phase stability conditions for the polymer mixture was analyzed with volume fluctuation thermodynamics.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

This paper investigated the influence of binary and ternary blends of mineral admixtures in self-compacted mortar (SCM) on the fresh, mechanical and durability properties. For this purpose, 25 mortar mixtures were prepared having a total binder content of $640kg/cm^3$ and water/binder ratio between 0.41 and 0.50. All the mixtures consisted of Portland cement (PC), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) as binary and ternary blends and air-entrained admixture wasn't used while control mixture contained only PC. The compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted for 28 and 91 days as well as slump-flow and V-funnel time tests whilst freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance and capillary water absorption tests were made for 91-day. Finally, in general, the use of SF with FA as ternary blends improved the tensile strength of mortars at 28- and 91-day while the use of SF15 with FA increased the compressive strength of the mortars compared to binary blends of FA. SCM mixtures with ternary blends had lower the sorptivity values than that of the mortars with binary blends of FA and the control mixture due to the beneficial properties of SF while the use of FA with SF as ternary blends induced the F-T resistance enhancement.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.341-346
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• 1996

The fracture mechanics investigation of the thermoplastic vulcanizates(TPV) from EPDM and PP/Ionomer ternary blends was performed in terms of the J-integral by measuring fracture energy via the locus method. The TPV from ternary blends consisting of EPDM, PP and ionomer were prepared in a laboratory integral mixer by blending and vulcanizing simultaneously. Vulcanization was performed with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and the composition of EPDM and PP was fixed at 50/50 by weight. Two kinds of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMA) lonomers were used. The J-integral values at crack initiation, Jc, of the dynamically vulcanized EPDM and PP/EMA Ionomer ternary blends were affected by the cation types $(Na^+\;or\;Zn^{2+})$ and contents(5-20wt%) of the added EMA Ionomers. The ternary blend containing 20wt% zinc-neutralized EMA Ionomer and 1.0phr DCP showed the highest Jc values of the blends.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.262-272
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• 2003

Maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene(PP-g-MA) were used as a blend component and a compatibilizer, respectively, for two reactive blends of polyamide 66(PA 66)PP-g-MA binary blends and PA 66/polypropylene(PP)/PP-g-MA ternary blends. The goal of this work was to investigate the property differences between binary and ternary blends. Tensile strength, flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature, impact strength, melt flow index, and the dependence of melt viscosity on the shear rate were examined. The impact strengths of binary blends were higher than those of ternary blends at all compositions, since the in situ synthesis of PP-g-PA 66 copolymer through the imide formation between the amine end group of PA 66 and the anhydride group of PP-g-MA gave the increase of molecular weight and was more popular in binary blends than in ternary blends. In case of ternary blends, most of the properties were superior to those of binary blends, owing to the better properties of PP compared with PP-g-MA. The toughened binary blends with 70/30(PA 66/PP-g-MA) and 80/20 ratios were not commercially applicable due to their poor processibility. So, the ternary blends which showed lower melt viscosities were recommended for the commercial applications.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2022

In this study, deep learning and k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) models were used to estimate the sorptivity and freeze-thaw resistance of self-compacting mortars (SCMs) having binary and ternary blends of mineral admixtures. Twenty-five environment-friendly SCMs were designed as binary and ternary blends of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) except for control mixture with only Portland cement (PC). The capillary water absorption and freeze-thaw resistance tests were conducted for 91 days. It was found that the use of SF with FA as ternary blends reduced sorptivity coefficient values compared to the use of FA as binary blends while the presence of FA with SF improved freeze-thaw resistance of SCMs with ternary blends. The input variables used the models for the estimation of sorptivity were defined as PC content, SF content, FA content, sand content, HRWRA, water/cementitious materials (W/C) and freeze-thaw cycles. The input variables used the models for the estimation of sorptivity were selected as PC content, SF content, FA content, sand content, HRWRA, W/C and predefined intervals of the sample in water. The deep learning and k-NN models estimated the durability factor of SCM with 94.43% and 92.55% accuracy and the sorptivity of SCM was estimated with 97.87% and 86.14% accuracy, respectively. This study found that deep learning model estimated the sorptivity and durability factor of SCMs having binary and ternary blends of mineral admixtures higher accuracy than k-NN model.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 1990

The structure and properties of blends of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer(EPDM) and polyolefin blends have been investigated. The rheology and tensile properties of the EPDM/HDPE(high density polyethylene), EPDM/PP(polypropylene) binary and EPDM/PP/HDPE ternary blends were studied along with morphological analyses. Those properties were affected by preferential interaction of EPDM on HDPE, compared to that of EPDM on PP, for the binary blends. The preferetial interaction may stem from the molecular characteristics of EPDM to possess more ethylene units than propylene units in the elastomer. The EPDM played a role as compatibilizer for HDPE and PP in the EPDM/PP/HDPE ternary blends.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2000

Poly(p-hydroxybenzoate) (PHB)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 8/2 thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and PET were mechanically blended to obtain the pseudo liquid crystalline (LC) phase of ternary blends. The torque values of blends with increasing PHB content were abruptly decreased above 40 wt% of PHB content, because the melt viscosity of ternary blends decreased. Tensile strength and initial modulus of blends containing above 30 wt% PHB were improved with increasing PHB content. Tensile strength and modulus of fiber were increased with PHB contents and take-up speed. Degree of transesterification and randomness of blends were increased with blending time. The blend of 40 wt% PHB was shown pseudo LC phase in the polarized optical photographs. Crystallinity of PHB/PEN/PET ternary blend were increased with PHB content.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2000

Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer made up of poly(p-hydroxybenzoate) (PHB)-poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) 8/2 copolyester, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and PET were mechanically blended to pursue the liquid crystalline phase of ternary blends. Complex viscosities of blends decreased with increasing temperature and PHB content. DSC thermal analysis indicated that glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of blends increased with increasing PHB content. Both tensile strength and initial modulus increased with raising PHB content and take-up speed of monofilaments. In the WAXS diagram, only PEN crystal reflection at 2Θ=$15.5^{\circ}C$ appeared but PET crystal reflection was not shown in all compositions. The degree of transesterification and randomness of blends increased with blending time but sequential length of both PEN and PET segment decreased.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.429-437
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• 2021

In the era of building engineering the intensification of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is world-shattering magnetism. It has lot of rewards over ordinary concrete i.e., enrichment in production, cutback in manpower, brilliant retort to load and vibration along with improved durability. In the present study, the mechanical strength of CM-2 (SCC containing 10% of rice husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement and 600 grams of glass fibers per cubic meter) was investigated at various dosages of cement replacement by fly ash (FA) and GGBS. A total of 17 SCC mixtures including two control SCC mixtures (CM-1 and CM-2) were developed for investigating fresh and hardened properties in which, ten ternary cementitious blends of SCC by blending OPC+RHA+FA, OPC+RHA+GGBS and five quaternary cementitious blends (OPC+RHA+FA+GGBS) at different replacement dosages of FA and GGBS were developed with reference to CM-2. For constant water-cement ratio (0.42) and dosage of SP (2.5%), the addition of glass fibers (600 grams/m³) in CM-1 i.e., CM-2 shows lower workability but higher mechanical strength. While fly ash based ternary blends (OPC+RHA+FA) show better workability but lower mechanical strength as FA content increases in comparison to GGBS based ternary blends (OPC+RHA+GGBS) on increasing GGBS content. The pattern for mixtures appeared to exhibit higher workablity as that of the concentration of FA+GGBS rises in quaternary blends (OPC+RHA+FA+GGBS). A decrease in compressive strength at 7-days was noticed with an increase in the percentage of FA and GGBS as cement replacement in ternary and quaternary blended mixtures with respect to CM-2. The highest 28-days compressive strength (41.92 MPa) was observed for mix QM-3 and the lowest (33.18 MPa) for mix QM-5.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.440-452
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• 2021

Enhancement of durability and reduction of maintenance cost of concrete, with the implementation of various approaches, has always been a matter of concern to researchers. The integration of pozzolans as a substitute for cement into the concrete is one of the most desirable technique. Silica fume (SF) and colloidal nanosilica (CS) have received a great deal of interest from researchers with their significant performance in improving the durability of concrete. The synergistic role of the micro and nano-silica particles in improving the main characteristics of cemented materials needs to be investigated. This work aims to examine the utility of partial substitution of cement by SF and CS in binary and ternary blends in the improvement of the durability characteristics linked to resistance for electrochemical corrosion using electrical resistivity and half-cell potential analysis and chloride penetration trough rapid chloride penetration test. Furthermore, the effects of this silica mixture on the compressive strength of concrete under normal and aggressive environment have also been investigated. Based on the maximum compression strength of the concrete, the optimal cement substituent ratios have been obtained as 12% SF and 1.5% CS for binary blends. The optimal CS and SF combination mixing ratios has been obtained as 1.0% and 12% respectively for ternary blends. The ternary blends with substitution of cement by optimal percentage of CS and SF exhibited decreased rate for electrochemical corrosion. The strength and durability studies were found in consistence with the microstructural analysis signifying the beneficiary role of CS and SF in upgrading the performance of concrete.