• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fixed-intensity and varied-intensity electroacupuncture in pain and sensory threshold concerning parameters visual analogue scale(VAS), brief pain inventory(BPI) and quantitative sensory testing(QST), among chronic tension headache patients. Methods : Thirty patients with chronic tension headache were randomly assigned to three groups and received different kinds of electroacupuncture at $ST_{36}$ and $ST_{37}$. Group A received fixed-intensity electroacupuncture(fixed-EA), group B received varied-intensity electroacupuncture (varied-EA), and group C received only acupuncture treatment without electrical stimulation as a control group. The intervention was given three times per week, and continued in two weeks. All the experiments were conducted blindly. Results : Fixed-EA group showed a significant decrease of VAS and BPI compared to the baseline measurement, while both varied-EA and control group did not. Of the parameters of QST, subtraction of heat pain threshold(HPT) and cold pain threshold(CPT) slightly increased in all groups, but this was not significant. Conclusions : These results suggest that fixed-EA reduce pain and improve quality of life in patients with chronic tension headache and that acupuncture may regulate patient's pain sensitivity through changing sensory threshold.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 1999

Biofeedback training is one of physiological self control methods for patients who has psychological problem and rehabilitational problem. It has been used to control blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral temperature, respiration, electromyography (ENG), and other biological signals-ENG, respiration, heat rate, peripheral temperature, skin conductance level-was developed in house. We applied this system to alcohol dependent patients to perform biofeedback training. In this experiment, the relaxation biofeedback training for alcohol dependent patient was carried out and the tension state for the change of biological signals were estimated using the fuzzy theory after relaxation biofeenback training. Eight alcohol dependent patients were agreed to participate in this experiment. Result showed that 1) the tension degree of patients were higher than the tension degree of normal subject. 2) The tension degree of patients were decreased as the training numbers were increased.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.87-98
• /
• 2011

Crack formations are inevitable in reinforced concrete structures. To estimate crack widths, empirical formulae are used widely and indirect crack controling methods of limiting bar spacing and bar diameter are also used due to their simplicity. In EC2, the characteristic crack width is calculated by multiplying maximum crack spacing and average strain. In this study, limit values of maximum bar spacing and bar diameter are examined as the material characteristics are varied. Two models of tension stiffening effect and maximum crack spacing and their effects are evaluated. The obtained results are compared with the values obtained using KCI method. The results showed that a significant difference is found when two tension stiffening effect are employed, and an under-estimation is found when 2nd order tension stiffening effect and maximum crack spacing limit from Part II were implemented. Therefore, a rational indirect crack control method attained using the tension stiffening effect of 2nd order form is needed. Also, a consistency in serviceabiliy analysis in flexural members needs to be secured. In order to achieve these goals, two crack controling models are suggested.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.303-316
• /
• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the Temporomandibular Disorders(TMD) with Tension-Type Headache(TTH) by gender. Patients with TMD and/or TTH visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital were recruited to this study. Experimental group(n=60) is composed of TMD with TTH and control group(n=111) is composed of TMD without TTH. Evaluation list was pain quality, pain intensity, pain laterality, pain increase by routine physical activity and then it was analyzed statistically. The results were as follows ; 1. In the control group, pain quality was significantly different by gender(p=0.04). But, in the experimental group, pain quality was not significantly different by gender. 2. In the control group, pain intensity was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain intensity was not significantly different by gender. 3. In the control group, pain laterality was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain laterality was not significantly different by gender. 4. In the control group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by gender. And, in the experimental group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by gender. Therefore, it is considered that not temporomandibular disorder patients with tension-type headache but temporomandibular disorder patients without tension-type headache was influenced by gender in the pain quality.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the Temporomandibular Disorders(TMD) with Tension-Type Headache(TTH) by age. Patients with TMD and/or TTH visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital were recruited to this study. Experimental group(n=170) is composed of TMD with TTH and control group(n=222) is composed of TMD without TTH. Evaluation list was pain quality, pain intensity, pain laterality, pain increase by routine physical activity and then it was analyzed statistically. The results were as follows ; 1. In the control group, pain quality was not significantly different by age. But, in the experimental group, pain quality was significantly different by age(p=0.042). 2. In the control group, pain intensity was significantly different by age(p=0.000). And, in the experimental group, pain intensity was significantly different by age(p=0.004). 3. In the control group, pain laterality was not significantly different by age. And, in the experimental group, pain laterality was not significantly different by age. 4. In the control group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by age. And, in the experimental group, pain increase by routine physical activity was not significantly different by age. Therefore, it is considered that not temporomandibular disorder patients without tension-type headache but temporomandibular disorder patients with tension-type headache was influenced by age in the pain quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.8-16
• /
• 2014

Torque control method and turn of nut method are specified as clamping method of high strength bolts in the steel construction specifications. Quality control of torque coefficient is essential activity because torque control method, which is presently adopted as clamping method in domestic construction sites, is affected by variation of torque coefficient. The clamping of torque shear bolt is based on KS B 2819. It was misunderstood that the tension force of the TS bolt was induced generally at the break of pin-tail specified. However, the clamping forces on slip critical connections do not often meet the intended tension, as it considerably varies due to torque coefficient dependent on the environmental factors and temperature variables despite the break of the pin tail.This study was focused to evaluate the effect of environmental factors and errors of installing bolts during tightening high strength bolts. The environmental parameters were composed of 'wet' condition, 'rust' condition, 'only exposure to air' condition. And the manufacture of trial product was planned to identify the induced force into the bolts. The algorithm for a trial product was composed of the relation between electricity energy taken from torque shear wrench and tension force from hydraulic tension meter.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.247-266
• /
• 1990

The alveolar bone remodeling is essential in tooth movement by orthodontic forces. The collagen and chondroitin sulfate are acting as an important roles in bone remodeling. This study was performed to measure out the quantity of the collagen and chondroitin sulfate in the alveolar bone of rats applied by experimental orthodontic forces. The 150 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into the $PGE_2$ treated group, indomethacin treated group and the normal group. A 80gm force rubber band was used as a orthodontic appliance between upper incisors and right upper 1st molar, and left side of experimental rats with no appliance was regarded as a control side. The samples of alveolar bones were obtained from pressure and tension sites in all three groups. respectively, and in control sides, too. The results were as follows. 1. The change in total collagen remains stable in both pressure and tension sites of all three groups, compared with control side by the time consuming. 2. The change in soluble collagen showed the most highest level in tension site, lowest level in pressure site of $PGE_2$ treated group in 5th. experimental day. 3. The change in chondroitin sulfate showed the most highest level in pressure site, lowest level in tension site of $PGE_2$ treated group in 5th. experimental day. 4. In indomethacin treated group, the change of soluble collagen and chondroitin sulfate showed small range of variance compared with $PGE_2$ treated and normal group.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.442-448
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of neuro-feedback training and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on stress, quantitative sensory threshold and pain in patients suffering from tension type headache. Methods: 22 participants who passed the preliminary evaluation were enrolled in the study and 11 participants were randomly assigned to each group. The control group (n=11) was subject to the TENS treatment of which was composed of a 20-minute session for 5 times a week during 4 weeks, and the experimental group (n=11) was subject to both neuro feedback training and TENS treatment for 10 minutes a day and 5 days a week during 4 weeks. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to measure a level of stress and the quantitative sensory testing (QST) was used for the measurement of cold pain threshold (CPT) and heat pain threshold (HPT); A degree of pain was evaluated through the headache impact test-6 (HIT-6). Results: In comparision of all dependent variables between the control and subject groups, there were significant differences in stress, quantitative sensory threshold and pain after the treatment (p<0.05), and the experimental group showed significant differences in stress, CPT, HPT and pain (p<0.05) and the control group showed only a significant difference in HPT (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrate that the concomitant administration of the TENS treatment and neuro feedback training is effective on alleviation of stress, quantitative sensory threshold and pain in patients with tension type headache.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1981

This experiment was performed to investigate the response of inorganic substances in alveolar bone in relation to the experimental tooth movement. Right canine in maxillary jaw was tipped in cats by coil springs generating 80 gm. force, in mandibular jaw, the force was 100 gm. force. Cats were divided into five groups and orthodontically treated for one hour, 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, respectively. Alveolar bone samples were obtained from tension and compression sites as well as from contralateral control sites. The level of calcium of alveolar bone was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inorganic phosphorus was measured by spectrophotometry. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In tension and compression site of maxillary alveolar bone, calcium levels were decreased at 1, 7 and 14 days, but recovered at 28 days. 2. The levels of inorganic phosphorus in compression site of maxillary alveolar bone had little change but in tension site of maxillary alveolar bone , phosphorous levels were decreased, 3. Calcium levels in tension and compression site of mandibular alveolar bone were decreased, especially at 28 days. 4. In tension and compression site of mandibular alveolar bone, inorganic phosphorus were slightly decreased from 1 day.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.181-184
• /
• 2021

Interest in healthcare and wearable devices has been increasing recently. A strain sensor is required in various wearable devices. With respect to such devices, studies on resistance changes in strain sensors using flexible materials are in progress. However, the resistance of the rest area in a strain sensor should not change according to the applied strain. So, an electrode with resistance to stretching, bending, and torsion is required in such strain sensors. Tension, bending, and torsion can be realized through structural shape control, rather than by using flexible materials. Further, such an electrode that maintains electrical properties has been developed and manufactured. This electrode can be used in various applications such as foldable devices, e-papers, batteries, and multifunctional wearable devices.