• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제86권5호
• /
• pp.607-619
• /
• 2023

This study, it was tried to evaluate the asphalt behavior under tensile loading conditions through indirect Brazilian and direct tensile tests, experimentally and numerically. This paper is important from two points of view. The first one, a new test method was developed for the determination of the direct tensile strength of asphalt and its difference was obtained from the indirect test method. The second one, the effects of particle size and loading rate have been cleared on the tensile fracture mechanism. The experimental direct tensile strength of the asphalt specimens was measured in the laboratory using the compression-to-tensile load converting (CTLC) device. Some special types of asphalt specimens were prepared in the form of slabs with a central hole. The CTLC device is then equipped with this specimen and placed in the universal testing machine. Then, the direct tensile strength of asphalt specimens with different sizes of ingredients can be measured at different loading rates in the laboratory. The particle flow code (PFC) was used to numerically simulate the direct tensile strength test of asphalt samples. This numerical modeling technique is based on the versatile discrete element method (DEM). Three different particle diameters were chosen and were tested under three different loading rates. The results show that when the loading rate was 0.016 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis till coalescence to the model boundary. When the loading rate was 0.032 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis. The branching occurs in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under quasi-static conditions. When the loading rate was 0.064 mm/sec, mixed tensile and shear cracks were initiated below the loading walls and branching occurred in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under dynamic conditions. The loading rate increases and the tensile strength increases. Because all defects mobilized under a low loading rate and this led to decreasing the tensile strength. The experimental results for the direct tensile strengths of asphalt specimens of different ingredients were in good accordance with their corresponding results approximated by DEM software.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.435-450
• /
• 2016

Experimental studies were conducted on 36 grouted splices to investigate their mechanical performance under four loading schemes: (1) incremental tensile loading, (2) repeated tensile loading, (3) cyclic loading at high stress, and (4) cyclic loading at large strain. Load-deformation responses of the grouted splices under cyclic loadings were featured with pinching effect and stiffness degradation compared to those responses under tensile loadings. The shape of the hysteresis loops of load-deformation curves was similar to that under incremental tensile loading. For the purpose of structural analysis, stress-strain relationships were presented for grouted splices under various loadings.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.967-973
• /
• 2013

During high speed sewing, the needle thread is exposed to dynamic loading, short strike loading, inertia forces, friction, rubbing, force of check spring, bending, pressure, friction, impact, shock and thermal influence. The dynamic thread loading/tension alters throughout the stitch formation cycle and along its passage through the machine. The greatest tensile force occurs at the moment of stitch stretching, when the take up lever pulls for required thread length through the tension regulator. These stresses act on the thread repeatedly and the thread passes 50-80 times through the fabric, the needle eye and the bobbin case mechanism, before getting incorporated into the seam, which result in upto 40% loss in tensile strength of the sewing thread. This damage in the sewing thread adversely affects its processing and functional performance. In this paper, the contribution of dynamic loading, passage through needle and fabric, and bobbin thread interaction in the loss in tensile properties has been studied. It is observed that the loss in tensile properties occurs mainly due to the bobbin thread interaction. Dynamic loading due to the action of take up lever also causes substantial loss in tenacity and breaking elongation of cotton threads.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.269-282
• /
• 2015

In this paper, a compression to tensile load converter device was developed to determine the anisotropic tensile strength of concrete. The samples were made from a mixture of water, fine sand and cement, respectively. Concrete samples with a hole at its center was prepared and subjected to tensile loading using the compression to tensile load converter device. A hydraulic load cell applied compressive loading to converter device with a constant pressure of 0.02 MPa per second. Compressive loading was converted to tensile stress on the sample because of the overall test design. The samples have three different configurations related to loading axis; 0, $45^{\circ}$, $-45^{\circ}$. A series of finite element analysis were done to analyze the effect of hole diameter on stress concentration of the hole side along its horizontal axis to provide a suitable criterion for determining the real tensile strength of concrete. Concurrent with indirect tensile test, Brazilian test and three point loading test were also performed to compare the results from the three methods. Results obtained by this device were quite encouraging and show that the tensile strengths of concrete were similar in different directions because of the homogeneity of bonding between the concrete materials. Also, the indirect tensile strength was clearly lower than the Brazilian test strength and three point loading test.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제60권6호
• /
• pp.939-952
• /
• 2016

A compression to tensile load transforming (CTT) device was developed to determine indirect tensile strength of concrete material. Before CTT test, Particle flow code was used for the determination of the standard dimension of physical samples. Four numerical models with different dimensions were made and were subjected to tensile loading. The geometry of the model with ideal failure pattern was selected for physical sample preparation. A concrete slab with dimensions of $15{\times}19{\times}6cm$ and a hole at its center was prepared and subjected to tensile loading using this special loading device. The ratio of hole diameter to sample width was 0.5. The samples were made from a mixture of water, fine sand and cement with a ratio of 1-0.5-1, respectively. A 30-ton hydraulic jack with a load cell applied compressive loading to CTT with the compressive pressure rate of 0.02 MPa per second. The compressive loading was converted to tensile stress on the sample because of the overall test design. A numerical modeling was also done to analyze the effect of the hole diameter on stress concentrations of the hole side along its horizontal axis to provide a suitable criterion for determining the real tensile strength of concrete. Concurrent with indirect tensile test, the Brazilian test was performed to compare the results from two methods and also to perform numerical calibration. The numerical modeling shows that the models have tensile failure in the sides of the hole along the horizontal axis before any failure under shear loading. Also the stress concentration at the edge of the hole was 1.4 times more than the applied stress registered by the machine. Experimental Results showed that, the indirect tensile strength was clearly lower than the Brazilian test strength.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제24권12호
• /
• pp.3033-3039
• /
• 2000

Mechanical properties of the materials used for transportations and industrial machinery under high stain rate loading conditions have been required to provide appropriate safety assessment to these mechanical structures. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) technique with a special experimental apparatus can be used to obtain the material properties under high strain rate loading condition. There have been many studies on the material behavior under high strain rate compressive loading compared to those under tensile loading. In this paper, mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy, Al6061-T6, under high strain rate tensile loading were determined using SHPB technique.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제21권8호
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2004

Micro-tensile testing system, consisting of a micro tensile loading system and micro-ESPI(Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) system, has been developed for measurement of micro-tensile properties of thin micro-materials. Micro-tensile loading system had a load cell with the maximum capacity of 50N and micro actuator with resolution of 4.5nm in stroke. The system was used to apply a tensile load to the micro-sized specimen. During tensile loading, the micro-ESPI system acquired interferornetric speckle patterns in the deformed specimen and measured the in-plane tensile strain. The ESPI system consisted of a CCD-camera with a lens and the window-based program developed for this experiment. Using this system, stress-strain curves for 4 kinds of electrolytic copper foil 18$\square$m thick were obtained. From these curves, tensile properties, including the elastic modulus. yielding strength and tensile strength, were determined and also values of the plastic exponent and coefficient based on Ramberg-Osgood relationship were evaluated.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.1059-1062
• /
• 2003

Micro-tensile testing system has been developed and micro-tensile tests for copper foil have been carried out. The system consisted of a micro tensile loading system and a micro-ESPI system for measuring strain. The loading system has a maximum loading capacity of 50N and a stroke resolution of 4.5nm. Stress-strain curves for the electro-deposited copper foil with the thickness of 18$\mu\textrm{m}$ were obtained, and tensile properties, including elastic modulus, yielding strength and tensile strength, were determined. The tensile properties obtained under three different conditions of testing speed showed a dependency on the speed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.305-312
• /
• 2019

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) abutment and prefabricated abutment in Morse taper internal connection type implants after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted with internal type implants of two different manufacturers (Group Os, De). Fourteen assemblies were prepared for each manufacturer group and divided into 2 groups (n=7): prefabricated abutments (Os-P, De-P) and CAD/CAM abutments (Os-C, De-C). The amount of axial displacement and the removal torque values (RTVs) were measured before and after cyclic loading (10⁶ cycles, 3 Hz with 150 N), and the tensile removal force to dislodge the abutments was measured after cyclic loading. A repeated measures ANOVA and a pattern analysis based on the logarithmic regression model were conducted to evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the axial displacement. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann-Whitney test was conducted for comparison of RTV reduction% and tensile removal forces. RESULTS. There was no significant difference between CAD/CAM abutments and prefabricated abutments in axial displacement and tensile removal force; however, significantly greater RTV reduction% after cyclic loading was observed in CAD/CAM abutments. The correlation among the axial displacement, the RTV, and the tensile removal force was not significant. CONCLUSION. The use of CAD/CAM abutment did not significantly affect the amount of axial displacement and tensile removal force, but presented a significantly greater removal torque reduction% than prefabricated abutments. The connection stability due to the friction at the abutment-implant interface of CAD/CAM abutments may not be different from prefabricated abutment.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2006

본 시험은 다양한 sine파형을 가진 인장 및 압축 하중 하에서 아스팔트 혼합물의 모듀율값 을 비교평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 즉, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 인장 haversine 하중, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 압축 haversine 하중, 주기적 인장하중, 주기적 압축하중, 그리고 주기적 인장-압축 반복하중이라는 총 5개의 하중형태가 32, 50, 68, 86, $104^{\circ}F$ (0, 10, 20, 30, $40^{\circ}C$) 라는 5개의 온도하에서 평가되었다. 시험결과, 휴식시간을 가진 반복 haversine 하중으로 인한 아스팔트 콘크리트의 인장 및 압축 모듀율 값은 저온에서 유사한 값을 나타내었지만, 고온에서는 상이한 값을 보였다. 특히, 고온에서 압축 모듀율 값은 인장 모듀율 값보다 높은 수치를 보였다. 또한, 저온에서 일축 직접인장 시험으로부터 구한 모듀율 값은 간접 인장시험으로부터 구한 모듀율 값보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그러나, 고온에서는 서로 유사한 값을 보였다. 일반적으로, 휴식시간을 갖는 반복 haversine 하중을 이용하여 얻은 모듀율 값은 주기적 sine파형을 가진 하중으로부터 구한 모듀율 값보다 항상 낮은 값을 나타내었으며 그 두 가지 하중으로부터 구한 모듀율 값의 차이는 온도가 감소함에 따라 더욱 증가되었다.