• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.444-450
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• 2009

In this study, the physicochemical properties of the soils in the forest stands in the ecological restoration project in the Young-il Erosion Control District were investigated according to the type of plant growing therein. The soil texture was mostly sandy loam (SL), and the sand content was 59.7% on average while the average soil pH was 5.0, which was lower than the average pH of Korea's forest soil (5.5). Moreover, the average carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus ($P_2O_5$) contents were 1.6%, 0.11%, and 3.7 ppm respectively. The C/N ratio was 15.1, and the average cation exchange capacity (CEC) was 13.2 cmol/kg. The physicochemical properties of the soils in the different forest stands were compared. Among all the stands, the Larix leptolepis stand had the highest pH 6.3 and the most stable C/N ratio (11.7). The Alnus firma-Styrax stand had the lowest pH 4.6 while the Pinus rigida stand had the lowest total nitrogen content. The Alnus firma-Styrax stand had the highest CEC (17.4 cmol/kg). The results showed that the Young-il Erosion Control Districtwas devastated and deprived of soil nutrients over a long period. Therefore, sustainable forest management, suchas tending and regeneration, are recommended for the Young-il Erosion Control District.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.327-376
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• 2008

China is marking 9.4% annual growth rate in average since 1978. GDP reached $1090 in 2003 as the first time and China ranked at 4th with their economy size in 2006. One of the remarkable change in China is the extension of foreign open-door policy. China joined WTO in the end of 2001 and it strengthen the foundation of Chinese market economy structure and encouraged the inflow of foreign capital. While 400 of the 500 global corporations advanced into China, the economy trade has been rapidly increasing between Korea and China. The economy trade in both countries has been regularized since 1992 and the annual trade is tending upwards in last 15 years. Korean trade toward China reached 134,400 million which is increased 27 times compared with the total of 1982. In this period, Korean trade toward China marked 24.5% in Export increasing rate and 16.7% in import increasing rate. China became the 2nd biggest export country of Korea in 2001 and became the top in 2003. As the China foreign direct investment has been increasing rapidly, the number of Korean companies advanced into China has been remarkably increasing. By focusing on a thorough review of the nationally published documents of Korean-Chinese business management research during more than two decades (1981-2004), the present paper has been systematically classified and analyzed the current status of Korean-Chinese business management research. The paper raised some important issues regarding Korean-Chinese business management research and predominantly, its future prospects are outlined. In the paper, the documents which are registered in the Korean Academic Processing Foundation registration of journals and candidate registration of journals have been classified by: research purpose, main subject, research method and the results. Careful analysis among the research clarified the active and inactive business management research fields. This clarification enables us to get a better understanding of the current research of Korean-Chinese business management, and more importantly, it pointed out to the direction of future development of research. In addition, the systematic classification made by this paper may contribute to the decision making of subject index of Korean-Chinese business management research since there has been no classification standard of it until now.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled subway station in Fukuoka, Japan. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and micro-PIXE techniques were applied to the chemical analyses of semi-bulk and single particle, respectively. There was the close resemblance of timely fluctuation between PM number concentration and train service on the third basement floor (B3F) platform compared to the second basement floor (B2F) and its maximum level was marked in rush hour. Higher number counts in large particles ($>1{\mu}m$) and lower number counts in fine particles ($<1{\mu}m$) were shown on the platform compared to an above ground. PM2.5 accounted for 58.2% and 38.2 % of TSP on B3F and on B2F, respectively. The elements that were ranked at high concentration in size-resolved semi-bulk PM were Fe, Si, Ca, S, and Na. The major elements tending to have more elevated levels on B3F than B2F were Fe (4.4 times), Ca (17.3 times), and Si (46.4 times). Although concentrations were very low, Cr ($11.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $2.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), Mn ($3.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $0.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), and Pb ($0.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $1.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F) were detected from PM2.5. Individual PM was nearly all enriched in Fe with Si and Ca. Classifying and source profiling of the individual particles by elemental maps and particle morphology were tried and particles were presumably divided into four groups (i.e., train/rail friction, train-rail sparking, ballast/abrasive, and cement).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2010

Objectives: To investigate the patterns of unintentional home injuries in Korea. Methods: The study population was 12,382,088 people who utilized National Health Insurance services due to injuries (main diagnosis codes S00 to T28) during 2006. Stratified samples(n=459,501) were randomly selected by sex, age group and severity of injury. A questionnaire was developed based on the International Classification of External Causes of Injury and 18,000 cases surveyed by telephone were analyzed after being projected into population proportionately according to the response rates of their strata. Domestic injury cases were finally included. Results: Domestic injuries (n=3,804) comprised 21.1% of total daily life injuries during 2006. Women were vulnerable to home injuries, with the elderly and those of lower income (medical-aid users) tending to suffer more severe injuries. Injury occurred most often due to a slipping fall (33.9%), overexertion (15.3%), falling (9.5%) and stumbling (9.4%), with severe injury most often resulting from slipping falls, falls and stumbles. Increasing age correlated with domestic injury-related disability. Conclusions: The present findings provide basic information for development of home injury prevention strategies, with focus on the elderly.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyze the consumers' demand pattern and the feature of the market for nursing homes, the number of which is tending upwards. The survey data were obtained from the interview of 500 elderly people living in Seoul and Kyung-Ki provincial area. All respondents were 60 years of age and above. The main findings were summarized as follows: 1. The respondents who are less aged, highly educated comparatively, and living with spouse show positive response for the use of nursing homes. The aged living independently and the aged living with unmarried children show higher demand for this facility. Also, the respondents who prefer independent living away from their childrenn, urban areas as their residence and flat-type housing show more interest for the facility. The respondents who are self- supportive, who has no financial supporter, no caretaker, and no domestic helper demonstrate strong inclination to the use of the facility. The respondents who are interested in this kind of facility, acknowledge the necessity of it show strong intention of moving into it. 2. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to understand factors related to the intention of moving into the nursing homes. The group who wish to live separated from their children in the future give 1.78 times more favorable response than the opposite. The group who have an interest in the facility for elderly has 2.02 times higher intention of moving than the opposite. The group who have an intention of using the facility for elderly it is 7.34 times more likely to move into it. 3. The respondents who are the potential consumers for nursing homes can be subdivided. Within the positive group, it could be divided into the group of living independently with the preference of flat-type housing, the group living independently with the preference of separate housing, and the group wishing to live with their children. Within the negative group, the factor of the division is their concern to the facility. Following this study, it can be said that old age people, who have been regarded as one homogeneous group so far, should be recognized as one characteristic individual. This study also shows that the demand aspect yet in its initial stage shold be researched in anticipation of rapid increase. The understanding of diciding factors, the segmentation of potential market will help work out proper strategy, which will contribute to providers' benefit.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to i) investigate genetic performance for linear type traits of individual Holstein dairy cows, especially focusing on comparative traits, and to estimate genetic variances for these traits using actual data, and ii) compare genetic performance and improvement of progeny by birth country of the cows. Linear type traits defined with five comparative traits on this study were general stature composite (GSC), dairy capacity composite (DCC), body size composite (BSC), foot and leg composite (FLC), and udder composite (UDC). These traits were scored from 1 to 6 with 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = good plus, 5 = very good and 6 = excellent. Final scores (FS) were also included in this study. Data used was collected from the years 2000 to 2004 by the Korea Animal Improvement Association (KAIA). Only data of more than five tested cows by herd appraisal date and by sires having more than ten daughters were included to increase the reliability of the data analyses. A total of 30,204 records of the selected traits, which was collected from 26,701 individuals having pedigree information were used. Herd appraisal date, year of age, lactation stage (grouped by month), and time lagged for milking (in hours) were assumed as fixed effects on the model. Animal additive genetic effects considering pedigree relationship and residual errors were assumed with random effects. Year of age at appraisal date was classified from one to nine years of age, assigning the value of nine years of age for animals that were greater than or equal to nine years of age. From our results, the estimate for heritability was 0.463, 0.346, 0.473, 0.290, and 0.430 on GSC, DCC, BSC, FLC and UDC, respectively. The estimate for FS heritability was 0.539. The greatest breeding values for GSC were estimated for Canada, with the breeding values for American lines increasing for 10 years starting in 1989 but tending to decrease after that until 2004. For DCC, the breeding values for American and Canadian lines showed similar patterns until 1999, after which the breeding values for the American lines declined sharply. For BSC, data from Korea, Canada and the USA followed similar trends overall except when the breeding values of the American lines decreased starting in 1999. Overall, the methods used to evaluate genetic performance in this study were acceptable and allowed for the discovery of differences by country of genetic origin, likely due in part to the American use of selection indexes based primarily on milk yield traits until methods for evaluating other traits began to emerge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 1992

The natural mixed stand in Jindong-Ri, according to a recent study, showed the possibility of selection cutting as a silvicultural system based on the stand structure such as DBH distribution and height distribution. However, volume structure per DBH class of this stand had not a mature stand of selection cutting. In this study, wherefore, the rate of increment for DBH and volume was used to predict the future stand structure including volume distribution per DBH class. The possibility of selection cutting was then discussed using the future stand structure. From the prediction of future stand structure for 30 years per every 10 years, it could be concluded that the stand will be induced to selection cutting forest because of enough number of trees in objective DBH class and above, total volume per hectare, and the volume of large DBH class which can be harvested every year. However, this stand still did not show the structure of typical selection cutting which has the rate of 1 : 2 : 7 in the number of trees per hectare and the volume rate of 5 : 3 : 2 for large, medium, and small DBH class. This problem could be improved by appropriate silvicultural treatments.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

This study was carried ou to compare sprouting and sprout growth after the stumps of four Quercus species(Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima and Q. dentata) were cut at 20cm from the soil surface in 1996 and 2000 at Mt. Taehwa, Kwangju-Gun, Kyounggi-Do, Korea. The results obtained were as follows: ⑴ Q. mongolica showed most vigorous sprouting, followed by Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, and Q. acutissima. ⑵ The sprouting ability was more vigorous when cut in winter to earl spring than that in summer. ⑶ The initial diameter growth of the sprouts for 2 year after cutting was the highest in Q. acutissima, followed by Q. dentata, Q. mongolica and Q.variabilis, but the growth for 5years after cutting was Q. variabilis > Q. mongolica > Q. dentata > Q. acutissima. ⑷ The height growth of sprouts for 2 years after cutting was the highest in Q. acutissima and followed by Q. mongolica, Q. dentata and Q. variabilis, but the growth for 5 years after cutting was Q. variabilis > Q. mongolica > Q. dentata > Q. acutissima. ⑸ Tending is needed for the stands of Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima to be regenerated successully by sprouting. ⑹ The sprouting ability of Quercus species decreased with incerasing stump diameter, while its diameter growth seemed to increase.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2003

This research was conducted to investigate about structural characteristics of vegetation by change of the environmental factors for prolific open-pollinated progeny forest in Pinus koraiensis stands. Stand slope of Kapyung area was slower than Youngdong area. On the other hand, contents rate of the soil chemical properties in Kapyung was lower than Youngdong area. And relative intensity of light was higher Youngdong than Kapyung area. On the whole, growth of the Pinus koraiensis was more dominant Kapyung area than Youngdong. Analysis result of the relative density, - frequency, - coverage and importance value to shrub layer in each local stands, Quercus mongolica and Quercus acutissima were dominant species in Kapyung area. Dominant species In Youngdong area was Quercus acutissima. In Kapyung area, appearance species of the vegetation layer was consisted that live in moist soil and shaded lot. Youngdong area showed fewer species than Kpyung area. Species diversity of shrub and vegetation layer in Kapyung and Youngdong area was higher than Youngdong. This result was judged by slope difference between each areas. Kapyung area need enforce thinning and Youngdong area conduct tending management on shrub layer.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 1998

In the past most major accidents resulted in death, but today there is a dramatic increase in the number of people who survive such accidents but who are left with permanent injury. Particularly, children who are inquisitive about their surroundings but immature in their ability to assess danger, are more vulnerable to accidents and their causes as well as to determine attitudes towards prevention. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using an accident prevention manual for accident for accident prevention education. The study was a quasi-experimental study using a questionnaire format. The subjects of the study were 393 mothers of children attending six day care centers in Seoul. Data collection was done between May 1 and June 15, 1997. The tools used for the study were a questionnaire developed the researchers and a manual for accident prevention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Types of accidents included stabbing, bums, falls from heights, choking, falls on slippery surfaces, traffic accidents, drowning, poisoning, and electrical shock in that order of frequency. 2. The main causes of accidents in children were from cosmetics and household medications. 3. The most frequent locations of accidents in the home were the bathroom, kitchen, and stairways in that order. 4. For $90.4\%$ of children safety seats were not used when the ridding in a car. 5. In examining the parents' accident prevention practices, it was found that many parents used only . one electrical outlet for many appliances, tending to overload the electricity lines and that they were not practically concerned bout the flammability of children's pajamas, indicating a less than positive attitude towards fire prevention. 6. The parents had not provided their children with any instruction on accident prevention or on what to do after an accident had occurred. 7. After the use of pamphlet in an accident prevention education program, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the degree to which children carried out safety measures (t=14.96, p=.000) and in their safety habits (t=-1.67, p<.1) indicating an effectiveness in this method of education. The results of this study showed that there are many things in a child's environment that can cause accidents and that the possibility of an accident occurring is high. So nurses looking after children should be aware of the need for safety education to prevent accidents in the home and plan to provide appropriate educational material to help parents with this education.