• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill gait training on the functional characteristics and the temporal-distance parameters of gait in hemiplegic patients, as compared with conventional gait training. The subjects of this study were 32 hemiplegic patients who had been admitted or were visited out-patients at Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, from March 3 through April 25, 2003. These subjects were randomly divided into treadmill gait training group or conventional gait training group. We evaluated the gait ability, motor functions, muscle strength, spasticity, physiological cost index, and temporal-distance parameters. We analyzed the changes between pre and post training in each groups, and the difference between two groups. Temporal-distance parameters were obtained using the ink footprint method and then energy consumption using physiological cost index. The results were as follows: 1. After a six-week training, treadmill gait training group significantly improved, as. compared to pre-training, in gait ability, motor functions for the leg and trunk and gross function, muscle strength of the lower limb, gait speed, cadence, step length both on the affected and on the unaffected side, step length symmetry, and energy consumption(p<0.05). 2. After a six-week training, conventional gait training group significantly improved, as compared to pretraining, in gait ability, motor functions for the leg and trunk, muscle strength of the lower limb, spasticity the upper limb, gait speed, cadence, step length both on the affected and on the unaffected side, and energy consumption(p<0.05). 3. After a six-week training, the treadmill gait training group significantly improved, as compared to the conventional gait, training, in gait speed and step length on the unaffected side. These results show that treadmill gait training was improved gait speed and step length on the unaffected side of hemiplegic patients, as compared with conventional gait training. Further research is needed to confirm the generalization of these findings and to identify which hemiplegic patients might benefit from treadmill gait training.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.224-241
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• 2015

This study investigates the time-space characteristics of the consumptions of cultural-contents commodities and their spatial diffusion progresses via digital media. For the purpose, we examine the spatial diffusion patterns of PSY's Music Video "Gangnam Style" since it has been launched on the YouTube. By visualizing the spacio-temporal progresses of YouTube, Tweet, and Google searching data during four months after launching, we examine the time-space characteristics of diffusion patterns of the music video via each media. We found that the adapting time and the diffusion progress were not in accordance at each country. The results revel that cultural distance such as characterized by language, cultural linkage, exclusivism or courtesy for the 'Hanrue' affects quite strongly on the spatial diffusion of music video rather than physical distance.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose - In recent, a research finds that advanced selling can influence a consumer's choice(Kim et al., 2013). Advanced selling is defined as the new product launching strategy which company allows consumers to preorder new product before its release(Chu & Zhang, 2011). Prior researches have focused on the benefits of advanced selling(e.g., information gathering for demand prediction, an advantage for pricing strategy, and so on) for companies using this strategy(Chen, 2001; Chu & Zhang, 2011; Li & Zhang, 2013; Tang et al., 2004; Xie & Shugan, 2009). However, Kim et al.(2013) find it can also influence a consumer's choice. In detail, they suggest that when consumers use advanced selling, they are likely to prefer high-performance options rather than low-price options based on construal level theory(Trope & Liberman, 2003). In this paper, we tried to expand the prior researches for finding the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling on a consumer's choice. The purpose of this research is to test the mediating effect on the influence of advanced selling. Research design, data, and methodology - To find the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling, we designed an experiment for testing mediation effect. we recruited 93 students from a university. We assigned participants into one of two groups using randomization method. The participants with each group were given a scenario describing the sales strategy. Finally, they made a choice between high-performance option and low-price option. Sequentially, they also responded some questions for testing mediation effect. Results - First, we replicated prior research to test the influence of advanced selling. As a result, we could find that consumers prefer the high-performance option when they preorder it to purchase at the time of consumption. Thus, the replication result is the same as prior research. Second, we tested that advanced selling can influence the perception of temporal distance. The results confirmed that consumers perceived longer temporal distance in advanced selling condition(β = 1.575, SE = 0.272, p < 0.001). Third, we predicted that temporal distance can increase the importance of desirable attributes and decrease the importance of feasible attributes. The results suggested that temporal distance decreased significantly the importance of attributes related to feasibility(β = -0.19, SE = 0.07, p < 0.01), however, it had non-significant effect on increasing the importance of desirable attributes. Finally, we used Sobel-test for testing mediation effect, and it confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes had mediating role of the influence of advanced selling(Sobel test statistic = -2.110, SE = 0.111, p < 0.05). Conclusions - In this paper, we tried to find the mechanism of the influence on advanced selling from a consumer's choice. With an experiment, we confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes could mediate the effect on advanced selling. Therefore, we suggested some theoretical and practical contributions from this research. Finally, we discussed research limitations and suggested future research topics.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.538-561
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• 2020

Recommender Systems (RecSys) have a major role in e-commerce for recommending products, which they may like for every user and thus improve their business aspects. Although many types of RecSyss are there in the research field, the state of the art RecSys has focused on finding the user similarity based on sequence (e.g. purchase history, movie-watching history) analyzing and prediction techniques like Recurrent Neural Network in Deep learning. That is RecSys has considered as a sequence prediction problem. However, evaluation of similarities among the customers is challenging while considering temporal aspects, context and multi-component ratings of the item-records in the customer sequences. For addressing this issue, we are proposing a Deep Learning based model which learns customer similarity directly from the sequence to sequence similarity as well as item to item similarity by considering all features of the item, contexts, and rating components using Dynamic Temporal Warping(DTW) distance measure for dynamic temporal matching and 2D-GRU (Two Dimensional-Gated Recurrent Unit) architecture. This will overcome the limitation of non-linearity in the time dimension while measuring the similarity, and the find patterns more accurately and speedily from temporal and spatial contexts. Experiment on the real world movie data set LDOS-CoMoDa demonstrates the efficacy and promising utility of the proposed personalized RecSys architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2022

Objectives: To measure tympanic bone thickness (anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, and inferior wall), external ear canal length, and tympanomandibular distance that can be useful in cases that undergo tympanic bone resection. Materials and Methods: The temporal computed tomography (CT) images of 349 patients were retrospectively evaluated. The anterior-inferior, anterior-superior, and inferior wall thicknesses; tympanomandibular distance; and external auditory canal (EAC) bone canal length were measured from the narrowest part of the canal. The shapes of the EAC in the coronal and sagittal planes were also examined. Results: The numbers of female and male patients were similar, and the mean age was 49.45±13.95 years. The anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, and inferior wall thicknesses were 1.92±0.60, 2.54±0.74, and 9.16±2.20 mm, respectively. The anterior-superior and anterior-inferior wall thicknesses and canal lengths were greater on the right side (P<0.001). All measurement values were higher in males, except right tympanomandibular distance (P<0.05). A non-significant negative correlation was found between the age of the participants and the left anterior-inferior wall and tympanomandibular distance on both sides. Intra-observer agreement was high for all measurements. We observed four main shapes in the external ear canal in the coronal plane: Type 3, Type 2, Type 1, and Type 4 in order of frequency on the right, and Type 2, Type 3, Type 1, and Type 4 on the left. In the sagittal plane, we detected three shapes: oval (74.4%), triangular (16.3%), and round (9.4%). Conclusion: The anterior wall thicknesses and tympanomandibular distance should be measured on preoperative temporal bone CT to safely perform tympanic bone anterior resection, which is required in some otological procedures, and also to prevent temporomandibular joint damage.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 1991

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occlusal stability at the moment of dynamic occlusal tooth contact and to investigate the correlation between the occlusal stability and the masticatory muscle activities. It also evaluated the effect of short-term use of occlusal splints on the occlusal stability and the masticatory muscle activities in patients with temporomandibular disorders during maximum voluntary clenching by synchondronized with temporomandibular disorders during maximum voluntary clenching by synchronized use of the T-Scan system(Tekscan, Inc, USA) and K6-Diagnostic system(Myo-tronics Research, Inc, USA) The author measured its distance from retruded contact position(RCP) to intercuspal position(IP), average of contact intervals(ACI), total left-right statistics(TLR), average muscle activities of masseter and anterior temporal muscles during maximum voluntary clenching in 20 patients with temporomandibular disorders and 22 dental students as a control group. The data were compared between two groups and investigated for any correlations between the parameters. The results were as follows : 1. Both of the mean average of contact intervals and the mean absolute value of total left-right statistics during maximum voluntary clenching were increased in the patient group when compared with the control group. 2. Muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles of patient group is significantly greater than that of control group. However, muscular disharmony of masseter muscles of patient group is not significantly greater than that of control group. 3. There were significant correlations between muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles and average of contact intervals as well as total left-right statistics, and also between muscular disharmony of masseter muscles and total left-right statistics. 4. There were not any significant correlations between distance from RCP to IP and any other parameters. 5. There were a significant decrease in total left-right statistics and muscular disharmony of anterior temporal muscles during maximum voluntary clenching after a 1week use of occlusal splint in the patient group.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.37-43
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• 2016

This paper introduces a method for video shot group detection needed for efficient management and summary of video. The proposed method detects shots based on low-level visual properties and performs temporal and spatial clustering based on visual similarity of neighboring shots. Shot groups created from temporal clustering are further clustered into small groups with respect to visual similarity. A set of representative shot frames are selected from each cluster of the smaller groups representing a scene. Shots excluded from temporal clustering are also clustered into groups from which representative shot frames are selected. A number of video clips are collected and applied to the method for accuracy of shot group detection. We achieved 91% of accuracy of the method for shot group detection. The number of representative shot frames is reduced to 1/3 of the total shot frames. The experiment also shows the inverse relationship between accuracy and compression rate.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2021

Despite numerous efforts on reducing road-kill worldwide, the collisions have been occurring continuously. Many factors are affecting road-kill occurrences and the effect is various by species. We investigated Hydropotes inermis argyropus road-kill characteristics on the national highway. We examined 9,099 H. i. argyropus road-kill points with distance to the gaps on road (interchange and intersection) and distance to six natural land-cover types as explanatory variables. We also examined the number of road-kill occurrences according to temporal variation using chi-square test with 9,658 events. In general, H. i. argyropus road-kill location tended to occur close to the gaps on road, agricultural lands and forests. The average distance from road-kill to the gap was 694.7 m and 78.6% of the collisions were occurred within 1 km from the gaps. In addition, Kruskal-Wallis test showed the distance between road-kill points and each land cover and the gaps was significantly different. The temporal analyses showed that the differences of the H. i. argyropus road-kill frequency are significant in both month and season. Our results implies H. i. argyropus road-kill location tended to occur close to the gaps on road, agricultural lands and forests in general, especially during May and June, according to their seasonal behavior. Thus, we suggest there is a need of concentrated management on the roads with specific characteristics for both wildlife and human safety.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.327-338
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• 2000

complexity in atmospheric environment coupled with shoreline and complex terrain often causes local variations of meteorology that are distinct from those representative over larger surrounding area, These kinds of local variations are less significant in usual long-term environmental impact analyses dealing with continuous plume. The variations could however be crucial in predicting dispersion of toxic substance released in a relatively small area for a short duration. In the present paper the effects of spatial and temporal resolution of diagnostic wind field on the dispersion of the released substance are investigated by using a puff model. A hypothetical release scenario assumes that a substance is released from a location in the Yochon Industrial Estate and passively dispersed within a few-kilometer distance for an hour. The results show that diagnostic analysis could resolve more spatial variations to some extent by employing smaller grid size. The peak concentrations and puff trajectories obtained from spatially -and/or tmeporally -varing diagnostic wind field are found appreciably different from those obtained from uniform wind field. Attention to high-resolution wind field in the both spatial and temporal spaces is called in the consequence analysis of toxic substance release.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.55-81
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• 1997

In the present paper, V-to-V coarticulation in Korean VCV sequences is discussed, focusing on links between consonantal production and degree of V-to-V coarticulation. Temporal and spatial differences between three types of Korean alveolar stops (lax /t/. aspirated /$t^h$/ and thense /t'/) are examined from VCV sequences involving all possible combinations of three Korean unrounded vowels /a, i,/ based on spectrographic and electrographic data(two male speakers and one female speaker and one female speaker respectively). Closure duration and voice onset time (VOT) were measured from acoustic data. 'Total duration', which is defined as the sum of the closure duration and the VOT, was also calculated in order to see the temporal distance between two vowels in a VCV sequence. Differences in lingual-palatal contact pattern at the maximum contact (MC) point between the three types of stop were observed from EPG data. V-to-V coarticulation was investigated by measuring the offset or onset of the second formant (F2) of the target vowels from spectrograms. Two different dimensions of articulation, temporal and spatial, seem to playa role in determining the degree of V-to-V coarticulation. The degree of V-to-V anticipatory coarticulation is influenced by the spatial characteristics of the intervening consonant while the degree of carryover coarticulation is influenced by the temporal characteristics of the consonant.