• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2001

In order to know the relationship between the accumulated temperature distribution and barley growth characteristics, average, early and late heading years were analyzed. Among 24 year's crop situation test 1976, 1979, 1989, 1990, 1998 were sorted to early heading years and 1977, 1980, 1984, 1996 to late heading years. About $650^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature from October to December was enough to get average year's heading date in barley. While 62$0^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature were not enough for average heading, 67$0^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature accelerated barley heading. 78$0^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature from October to February, were enough to get average year's heading date in barley. while $650^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature were not enough to, 78$0^{\circ}C$ of accumulated temperature accelerated barley heading. Temperature pattern types in early heading years were distinguished by three types : high temperature type before winter(I), high temperature type in winter-regrowth stage(II), high temperature type in tillering stage(III). On the other hands, temperature pattern types in late heading years were divided to two types : low temperature type in winter-regrowth stage(I), low temperature type in tillering stage(II). Barley heading was mainly influenced by temperature before winter and winter-regrowth stage. Yields of early heading years were higher than that of late heading years and yield was heavily influenced by the number of spikes per square meter.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 2007

To identify the spatial distribution pattern of water quality in Masan Bay, Pearson's correlation as a common statistic method and Moran's I as a spatial autocorrelation statistics were applied to the hydrological data seasonally collected from Masan Bay for two years ($2004{\sim}2005$). Spatial distribution of salinity, DO and silicate among the hydrological parameters clustered strongly while chlorophyll a distribution displayed a weak clustering. When the similarity matrix of Moran's I was compared with correlation matrix of Pearson's r, only the relationships of temperature vs. salinity, temperature vs. silicate and silicate vs. total inorganic nitrogen showed significant correlation and similarity of spatial clustered pattern. Considering Pearson's correlation and the spatial autocorrelation results, water quality distribution patterns of Masan Bay were conceptually simplified into four types. Based on the simplified types, Moran's I and Pearson's r were compared respectively with spatial distribution maps on salinity and silicate with a strong clustered pattern, and with chlorophyll a having no clustered pattern. According to these test results, spatial distribution of the water quality in Masan Bay could be summed up in four patterns. This summation should be developed as spatial index to be linked with pollutant and ecological indicators for coastal health assessment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.266-274
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• 2004

This study is on the sensitive image of pattern expressed in the color & formative types of traditional Jokakbo(scraps of cloth). The object of this research is Korean traditional scraps of cloth in the latter period of Chosun Dynasty. This study is to be classified into 10 formative types like square type 1, square type 2, diagonal type, diamond type, many color striped type, concentric circle type, pinwheel type, vertical line type, cintamani pattern type, and free style type to apply the design of Jokakbo to Korean design. And color group is divided into vivid tone and pale tone. And it constitutes 17 patterns from the combination of these two types. As for the factors of constitution of scraps of cloth, it consists of factors like revelation, attraction, temperature sense, abstract, and rigidity. In the emotional image in the patterns, both vivid tone and pale tone showed dynamic and warm emotion together. Also, the factors of revelation and attraction were evaluated as opposite images, and it evaluated the plain and dim emotion as more attractive emotion. They preferred the pale tone to the vivid tone. They preferred the cintamani pattern in the vivid tone, and the diamond pattern in the pale tone most. From the research result above, this study made the abstract image of scraps of cloth standardized and prepared for a basis to execute it essentially. This research will be used as basic data to make traditional Korean image spotlighted in the world fashion markets as well as it will be helpful to the development of pattern design for the scraps of cloth essentially.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is main factors (environmental conditions, pattern spacing, pattern material) that effect the ion-migration of PCB. Methods: Recently, the electronic components are becoming more high density of electronic device, so that electronic circuits have smaller pitches between the patten and more vulnerable to insulation failure. so the reliability of electric insulation of device has become an ever important issue as device contact pitches of pattern. Usually, ion-migration occurs in high temperature and high humidity environment as voltage is applied to the circuit. Under high temperature and high humidity, voltage applied electronic components respond to applied voltages by metals's electrochemical ionization and a conducting filament forms between the anode and cathode across a nonmetallic medium. This leads to short-circuit failure of the electronic component. Results: we studied ion-migration that occurs in accordance with the main factors (environmental conditions, pitches, pattern material). The PCB pattern material was made by two different types of material (free solder, OSP) for this research and pitches of pattern is 0.15mm, 0.3mm, 0.5mm. PCB was experimented in the environmental conditions (high temperature $120^{\circ}C$, high temperature and high humidity $85^{\circ}C$, 85%RH) and was analyzed for ion-migration through the experiment results. Conclusion: We confirmed that environmental condition, pitches of pattern, pattern material had effect on ion-migration of PCB.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2016

The noise pattern of a household refrigerator is dependent on the characteristics of its operating cycle which is repeated with a specific pattern depending on various parameters, such as room temperature and performance of its mechanical parts. Analysis of noise pattern is essential prior to evaluation of sound quality of a refrigerator. In this study, 14 units of refrigerator were classified into 4 types according to noise pattern and sort of mechanical part, which helps to analyze characteristics of refrigerator noise. Sound quality metrics(loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength) were calculated to compare noise pattern of the 4 types of refrigerator. The results of this study can be useful to decide noise performance of refrigerator.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2002

In this study, time-dependent distributions of temperature and stresses, in the box-column welded from ultra thick plates with center segregation, has been analyzed by the commercial finite element package SYSWELD+, for several types and angles of groove. The major points of investigation are the optimum type and angle of groove that minimize weld stress specially at the center segregation, as well as temperature distribution, residual stresses and changes in the mechanical properties. The results can be summarized as follows; 1) Generally the thermal cycle at the root of groove exhibits relatively rapid cooling pattern, however, most of the other part weldment have a slow cooling pattern in all groove types. 2) Most of the micro-structures of weldment are composed of ferrite and pearlite, meanwhile we could find martensite and bainite locally a the root of the groove. 3) Optimum groove type for high heat input welding of box-column corner is a double groove type, and the optimum angle for the groove is 30~$45^{\circ}$ that minimize deformation and weld stress at the center segregation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.332-335
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• 2005

The three Korean wheat cultivars with different plant types; the erect, the middle and the creeping growth habit, were studied for their utilization to solar radiation, temperature changes on the furrow and to provide optimum planting space for producing the high yield in 2003. The average solar radiation rate was lowest for creeping type ($39.2\%$) and highest for erect type ($75.8\%$) The correlation coefficient between the coverage rate and the solar transmission rate was r = 0.8624 which was significant at $5\%$ level. The relative growth of the plant, tiller rate and leaf size was increased in the erect and the middle type at lower plant density, while no change on plant growth at creeping type regardless of plant density. The increase of leaf size in the lower plant density was due to longer flag and the first leaf than those of other plant types. The temperature on the furrow of growing plants was changed by the canopy. The changes in temperature pattern on the furrow according to plant types during winter season was different compared to the non plant ground. The temperature of the nonplant ground was the lowest due to solar reduction increasing the amount of cool air flowing in the furrow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.249-260
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• 2017

UHI (Urban Heat Island) is an important environmental issue occurring in highly developed (or urbanized) area such as Seoul Metropolitan City of Korea due to modification of the land surface by man-made structures. With the advance of the remote sensing technique, land cover types and LST (Land Surface Temperature) influencing UHI were frequently investigated describing that they have a positive relationship. However, the concept of land cover considers material characteristics of the urban cover in a comprehensive way and does not provide information on how human activities influence on LST in detail. Instead, land use reflects ways of land use management and human life patterns and behaviors, and explains the relationship with human activities in more details. Using this concept, LST was segmented according to land use types from the Landsat imagery to identify the human-induced heat from the surface and interannual and seasonal variation of LST with GIS. The result showed that the LST intensity of Seoul was greatest in the industrial area and followed by the commercial and residential areas. In terms of size, the residential area could be defined as the major contributor among six urban land use types (i.e., residential, industrial, commercial, transportation, etc.) affecting UHI during daytime in Seoul. For temperature, the industrial area was highest and could be defined as a major contributor. It was found that land use type was more appropriate to understand the human-induced effect on LST rather than land cover. Also, there was no significant change in the interannual pattern of LST in Seoul but the seasonal difference provided a trigger that the human life pattern could be identified from the satellite-derived LST.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.397-407
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• 2010

The increase of the solar reradiation from urban areas relative to suburban due to urbanization heats up the air temperature in urban areas and this is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This UHI effect has a positive relationship with the degree of urbanization. Through the studies on UHI using the satellite imagery, the effect of the surface heat radiation was observed by verifying the relationship between the air temperature and the land cover types (surface materials such as urban, vegetation, etc.). In this study, however, the surface temperature distribution was studied in terms of land use types for Seoul. Using land use types, the surface temperature in urban areas such as residential, industrial, and commercial areas in Yeongdeungpo, highly packed with industrial and residential buildings, was maximum $6^{\circ}C$ higher than in the bare ground, which indicated that the surface temperature reflected the pattern of the human-consumed energy on the areas and showed that one of the important causes influencing the air temperature except the surface heat reradiation by the sun is the anthropogenic heat. Also, the effect due to the restoration of the Chunggae stream on UHI was investigated. The average surface temperature for the Chunggae stream was reduced about $0.4^{\circ}C$ after restoration. Considering that each satellite image pixel includes mixture of several materials such as concrete and asphalt, the average surface temperature might be much lower locally reducing UHI near the stream.