• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

This study has been carried out to estimate carbon fixation, and carbon NPP based on equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ in natural stand of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis in Chungju. The effect of improvement of environment was also evaluated by estimating sink of $CO_2$ gas in forest ecosystem of Korea in a year. The following effects have been obtained in analysing estimate of allometric equation. Equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ was the most adequate, those of $Wt=a(D^2H)^b$, $Wt=aD^b$ estimate of the biomass and the carbon fixation in Quercus natural stand of Chungju. Total above ground of Quercus mongolica was 130.58 t/ha and that of Quercus variabilis was 137.38 t/ha. Annual production of two stands was 9.96 t/ha/yr, 8.64 t/ha/yr, respectively. Carbon fixation of total above ground was 60.52t C/ha in Quercus mongolica stand, and was 62.22t C/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. Annual fixation of carbon was 4.78t C/ha/yr and 4.28t C/ha/yr, seperately. Annual emission of carbon estimated 2.44t C/ha/yr in contrast of forest area in Korea. It was showed that the annual fixation of carbon was higher 1.84t C/ha/yr~2.34t C/ha/yr than annual emission of carbon. But foliage was 2.39t C/ha/yr and 1.89t C/ha/yr, which occupied 40% and 50% of annual carbon fixation of total above ground. Annual carbon fixation may fluctuate about 1.89t C/ha/yr~2.39t C/ha/yr by seasons.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.310-321
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• 2014

Change in fish species composition after the Hebei Spirit oil spill in December 2007 off Taean were determined by analysis of samples collected in Mailpo beach, 10 km south from the oil spill site and polluted by the crude oil. Fish samples were collected by a beach seine in the shallow water at Malipo beach during the low tide of the new moon from February 2008 to December 2009. Five seine hauls were made during the day and the night in each sampling time. Monthly day and night samples did not show the significant differences in species composition. A total of 21 species, 1,032 individuals and 6,544 g of fish were collected in 2008, and 31 species, 4,206 individuals and 35,659 g of fish in 2009. The species collected were composed of the small-sized fish or juveniles. Abundant fishes were the resident species in coastal water, and the migrants were low in abundance. Among the fish occurred, Chelon haematochelius, Sebastes schlegelii, Takifugu niphobles and Pleuronectes yokohamae were predominated in abundance of both years. Monthly fish abundance and species diversity in 2008 were significantly lower than those in 2009. A few number of resident fish were collected from February to June 2008 showing the lowest in May 2008, and fish abundance increased from July 2008. The number of species and abundance of fish in 2009 were increased in spring as the temperature raised, showed a peak in summer and decreased in autumn. This monthly variation in fish species composition and abundance was similar to those in the non-polluted water in other temperate waters. Low fish abundance during several months after oil spill was considered to be related to the residual oil in the water and habitat disturbance due to oil cleaning activity in the beach. Monthly fish species compositions after September 2008 were similar to those of 2009 suggested that the impact on the shallow water fish by the oil residuals was not too significant at least to the fish species composition after September 2008.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.411-417
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• 2009

This research is intended to discover physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms against herbivores of 8 species of the genus Acerby examining the morphological characteristics of the leaf, the structure and number of leaf domatia, herbivores insects and mites feeding on leaves, which were collected from the trees growing in Mt. Chiak, Mt. Cheongtae, Mt. Jungwang, Mt. Bangtae, Mt. Taebaek and Wonju City. This research was conducted from May through July, 2009, and the results are as follows. The domatia of A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and A. mandshuricum belongs to tuft type; that of A. palmatum, A. triflorum and A. tschonoskii pocket+tuft type; and that of A. tegmentosum pocket type. The number of domatia per leaf turned out to be the highest in the case of A. tegmentosum(20.2), and the lowest in the case of A. ginnala (4.2). Leaf surface trichomes of A. palmatum, A. pseudosiebotdianum, A. ginnala and A. mandshuricum are covered with villi; those of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. triflorum with soft, pilose type of hair, and those of A. tschonoskii with stiff, strigose hair. The trichome density of lower leaf surface is found to be higher than that of the upper leaf surface. Only in the case of A. palmatum, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tegmentosum and A. tschonoskii, a small amount of nectar is found to be secreted from the distal vein parts of the leaf margin. The number of mites on each leaf are found to be significantly different among tree species, and average mites number per leaf was the highest in the case of A. tschonoskii (9.2/leaf), and A. mandshuricum, A. pseudosieboldianum, and A. triflorum follow it in decreasing order. Minute insects attacking the leaf of Acer spp. include Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Psylla spp, and gall mites, and the number of these insects are found in Periphyllus californiensis, Psylla spp, P. viridis, and Cicadellidae sp. in decreasing order. The natural enemies of these herbivores insects are predatory mites, such as Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi, Poecilocoris lewisi and its larva, and Poecilocoris lewisi. Lasius japonicus and Formica japonica are symbiotic with aphids, and supports herbivores. Finally, our research confirmed that predatory mites attack Periphyllus californiensis and suck the body fluid of their victim. This proves that mites form a symbiotic relationship with plants through the mediation of leaf domatia. This also indicates that a protective mutualism may be more conspicuous in temperate broad-leaved trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of 67 broadleaved tree species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Taean-gun, Chuncheongnam-do were investigated. 46 broadleaved tree species(68.7%) had the domatia structures, and 21 species including Quercus salicina and Magnolia grandiflora did not. 31 species including Juglans mandshurica and Carpinus laxiflora reveals tuft type, 12 species including Quercus dentata and Corylus heterophylla reveals pocket+tuft type, and 2 species, Sorbus alnifolia and Prunus yedoensis does pocket type, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki does pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 23.4/leaf for Quercus dentata. Plant defense strategies using leaf lower-surface trichomes of Magnolia grandiflora reveals dense villous, those of Populus alba and Vitis vinifera reveals dense pilose, that of Elaeagnus umbellata does dense scaly hairs, that of Pueraria lobata does dense strigose. Plant defense strategies using extrafloral nectaries were adapted 23 tree species(34.3%). Observed examples are Prunus tomentosa, Ficus carica, Viburnum dilatatum and Carpinus laxiflora. Predatory mites were observed on the leaves of 40 tree species(59.7%), and mean values of predatory mites was highest values 23.4/leaf in Quercus dentata. Minute arthropods destroying the leaf of broadleaved trees. are such as Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Diaspididae sp., gall mites, thrips, and total numbers observed were odered gall mites, Diaspididae sp., aphids and thrips. Natural enemies of these hervivores arthropods are such as predatory mites, Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi. These results indicate that defense strategies including protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate broadleave trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.512-527
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• 2012

Jangdo Island (area $1.54km^2$) located in the western end of Dadohae Haesang National Park has been recognized as an prominent ecoregion possessing high moor and national biodiversity hotspot. In terms of the Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier School's phytosociology, we investigate the diversity of plant communities on the island and reevaluate the Jangdo wetland designated as Ramsar site. Ten physiognomic types of the Jangdo's vegetation were classified into 22 syntaxa (3 associations, 15 communities and 4 subcommunities). Jangdo wetland was actually denominated as 'eutrophic wetland' by Pharagmitetea and Orizetea rather than 'high moor'. Nevertheless, existence value of the Jangdo wetland is evaluated very high as a stepping stone for migratory birds and even plant dispersions. A new site of the northernmost distribution of Arachniodo-Castanopsietum sieboldii, which is a kind of cold-resistant phytocoenosis among the Camellietea japonicae of the warm-temperate broad-leaved forests, was described. Hosta yingeri-Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community and Carex wahuensis var. robusta-Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens community were described specifically as an endemic and an edaphic vegetation type, respectively. The unique Jangdo's vegetation reflects regional environmental conditions such as much higher frequency of frost-free days and the highest number of annual average foggy days in Korea and a well-developed aquifer in the depressed basin formed by differential erosion. We identified that human interventions (pasture, logging, forest fire, cultivation, etc.) has been involved intensively on every vegetation types, even though a rugged and inaccessible topography of the island. Particularly the Jangdo wetland has been recently threatened by fundamental distortion on hydrological system. We request an immediate establishment of the conservation prescription manual.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 2006

The annual and spatial changes in the species composition of catch off Yeosu were analyzed using the daily sales slip catch data by a set net in the inshore waters off Dolsan Islands in Yeosu from April to October 2001, off Yeon Islands of Yeosu from April to October 2002 and in the offshore waters off Dolsan Islands of Yeosu from April to December 2003, respectively. Scomberomorus niphonius, Seriola spp., Trichiurus lepturus, Engraulis japonicus, Sarda orientalis, Todarodes pacificus, Pampus echinogaster, Sardinella zunasi, Scomber japonicus, Lophius litulon and Loligo beka were dominant species in abundance, indicating that pelagic fish were mainly caught by a set net off Yeosu. S. zunasi, P. echinogaster, Platycephalus indicus and L. beka inhabited mainly in the inshore waters, and S. niphonius, Seriola spp., T. lepturus, P. echinogaster, T. pacificus, Takifugu porphyreus and Pagrus major resided mainly in the offshore waters as the pelagic resident species. E. japonicus was a representative dominant species moving between the inshore and the offshore waters seasonally. S. zunasi and E. japonicus occurred in the inshore waters, and E. japonicus, L. litulon and Seriola spp. begain to be caught in the deep offshore waters in spring. Total catch was high during the summer season by migration of the open sea species such as T. lepturus, S. niphonius, S. japonicus, Seriola spp., S. orientalis, P. echinogaster and T. pacificus. In fall, S. niphonius, E. japonicus, Sphyraena pinguis, Siganus fuscescens and Leiognathus nuchalis were dominant in the inshore waters, and S. niphonius, P. echinogaster, Hyporhamphus sajori, S. japonicus and T. lepturus continued to occur from summer in the offshore waters but total catch decreased, indicating the typical seasonal variation pattern of the temperate region. Most of catchable fishes by a set net were the pelagic species showing a significant temporal variation. Collection and analysis of daily catch data by large set nets can be used to determine seasonal variation in species composition of pelagic fish in a study area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-116
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• 2005

Gyeryongsan(845m) is located at $36^{\circ}\;18'\;02'\;-36^{\circ}\;23'\;38'$ in latitude, at $127^{\circ}\;11'\;60'-127^{\circ}\;17'\;86'$ in longitude and on Nonsan City and Gongju City in Chungnam Province. Gyeryongsan shows the typical vegetation patterns including the middle area of temperate region represented by the secondary forests of Quercus mongotica and Q. serrata. And we tried to discuss on the distribution and availability of vascular plants including economical plants. The results of plant collection and their investigation from April in 1998 to October in 2002 are as follows : The vascular plants consist of total 684 taxa; 3 hybrids, 12 forms, 84 varieties, 1 subspecies, 584 species, 357 genera, 100 families, 34 orders, 4 classes, 3 subphyla. In this area useful resources plants were 277 taxa$(40.5\%)$ forage source, 261 taxa$(38.2\%)$ edible source, 204 taxa$(29.8\%)$ medicinal source, 80 taxa$(11.7\%)$ ornamental source, 20 taxa$(2.9\%)$ timber source, 3 taxa$(0.4\%)$ industrial raw material source respectively. Also, the Korean endemic plants are 29 taxa($4.2\%$ among total 684 taxa); 5 varieties, 24 species, 27 genera, 20 families. And rare and endangered plants are 2 taxa; Paeonia obovate, Gastrodia elata. Also, the naturalized plants are 31 taxa($4.5\%$ among total 684 taxa and $13.7\%$ among the total naturalized plants in Korea).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2008

We investigated chlorophyll contents and growth performances of five deciduous hardwood species growing in central temperate zone of Korean forest. Cornus controversa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Prunus leveilleana, and Acer mono seedlings were grown under four different light intensity regime (full sunlight, $65{\sim}72%$, $29{\sim}40%$, and, $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight) for the experiment. The chlorophyll contents of all of the species were highest in $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight, while lowest under the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root collar diameter and height were decreased with increasing shading level except for Acer mono that showed the highest relative growth rate under $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. Total biomass and root volumes of the seedlings studied decreased as the light intensity decreased with different shade levels. For Acer mono, however, the biomass and root volumes were highest in $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root comparing to shoot decreased as shading increased, and as a result, the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass increased. As the shading level increased, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf weight ratio (LWR) of most species increased.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.199-212
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• 2014

The physiological responses of three common temperate species, Pinus densiflora, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Sorbus alnifolia to elevated $CO_2$ was investigated using open top chambers with different $CO_2$ concentrations. Morphological (stomatal size, density and area) and physiological characteristics (maximum rates of photosynthesis, carboxylation and electron transport) were compared among trees grown under ambient, ambient ${\times}1.4$ (~550 ppm) and ambient ${\times}1.8$ (~700 ppm) $CO_2$ concentrations for last four years. Morphological responses were different among species. F. rhynchophyllar increased their stomatal size and S. alnifolia had higher stomatal density under elevated $CO_2$ than ambient. Stomatal area decreased in P. densiflora, whereas it increased in S. alnifolia. However, the maximum photosynthesis rate increased in all species up to 43.5% by S. alnifolia under elevated $CO_2$ and the enhancement increased with time. Even with four years of exposure to elevated $CO_2$, there was no sign of acclimation in the maximum carboxylation rate and the maximum electron transport rates in all species. Especially, S. alnifolia even showed the temporary increase of photosynthetic capacities in spring, when leaf nitrogen concentration was high with new leaf development. There was no significant differences in diameter growth rate in any species due to high variation in their tree sizes, however accumulated diameter and biomass for four years showed significantly increment in all species under elevated $CO_2$. For example, S. alnifolia showed 59% increase in diameter at the ambient ${\times}1.8$ (~700 ppm) compared to ambient.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2016

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.