Vegetation of Jangdo Island

장도의 식생

  • Received : 2012.03.11
  • Accepted : 2012.08.02
  • Published : 2012.08.31

Abstract

Jangdo Island (area $1.54km^2$) located in the western end of Dadohae Haesang National Park has been recognized as an prominent ecoregion possessing high moor and national biodiversity hotspot. In terms of the Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier School's phytosociology, we investigate the diversity of plant communities on the island and reevaluate the Jangdo wetland designated as Ramsar site. Ten physiognomic types of the Jangdo's vegetation were classified into 22 syntaxa (3 associations, 15 communities and 4 subcommunities). Jangdo wetland was actually denominated as 'eutrophic wetland' by Pharagmitetea and Orizetea rather than 'high moor'. Nevertheless, existence value of the Jangdo wetland is evaluated very high as a stepping stone for migratory birds and even plant dispersions. A new site of the northernmost distribution of Arachniodo-Castanopsietum sieboldii, which is a kind of cold-resistant phytocoenosis among the Camellietea japonicae of the warm-temperate broad-leaved forests, was described. Hosta yingeri-Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community and Carex wahuensis var. robusta-Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens community were described specifically as an endemic and an edaphic vegetation type, respectively. The unique Jangdo's vegetation reflects regional environmental conditions such as much higher frequency of frost-free days and the highest number of annual average foggy days in Korea and a well-developed aquifer in the depressed basin formed by differential erosion. We identified that human interventions (pasture, logging, forest fire, cultivation, etc.) has been involved intensively on every vegetation types, even though a rugged and inaccessible topography of the island. Particularly the Jangdo wetland has been recently threatened by fundamental distortion on hydrological system. We request an immediate establishment of the conservation prescription manual.

다도해해상국립공원의 서단(西端)에 위치하는 장도(면적 $1.54km^2$)는 고층습원의 발달과 국가적 생물다양성 중점지역(hotspot)으로 주목받고 있는 생태지역(ecoregion)이다. 본 연구는 장도에 발달하고 있는 식물군락의 다양성을 규명하고, 보전생태학적 식생관리전략을 제안하고자 진행되었다. 장도 식생은 10개 상관형(physiognomic types)에 총 22개 단위식생(syntaxa: 3개 군집, 15개 군락, 4개 하위군락)으로 구분되었다. 현존 습지식생(actual wetland vegetation)은 갈대군강(Phragmitetea)과 벼군강(Orizetea)에 귀속되는 비교적 낮은 자연도(naturalness)의 식물군락들로 이루어져 있었으며, 고층습원이 아닌 것으로 밝혀졌다. 동백나무군강(Camellietea japonicae)의 난온대 상록활엽수림 가운데 구실잣밤나무-가는쇠고사리군집은 장도가 새로운 최북단 분포지(northernmost distribution site)인 것으로 확인되었다. 지역 및 국가 특산식생형(regional and nation-wide endemic vegetation type)으로 소사나무-흑산비비추군락을 특기하였으며, 토지적 지역식생형(regional edaphic vegetation type)으로 해안 절벽에서 섬향나무-밀사초군락이 기재되었다. 장도는 험준한 섬 지형에도 불구하고 집약적인 인간간섭(방목, 벌채, 산불, 개간 등)이 대부분의 식생형에서 종조성으로부터 밝혀졌다. 그러나 장도는 난온대 속에서의 높은 무상일수와 연평균 최대 안개 일수를 가지고 있는 지역생물기후 특성, 차별침식에 의하여 형성된 함몰 분지에서의 대수층 발달과 같은 토지적 수리수문체계를 반영하는 독특한 식생자원이 보존되어 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 특히 장도습지는 보전생태학적 관점에서 그 존재의 가치가 지대한 것으로 평가되었다. 하지만 장도습지는 습지 지표면의 근본적인 수리수문 체계의 변질을 야기하는 인간간섭에 노출되어 있음으로써 이에 대한 즉각적인 습지생태계관리 매뉴얼 구축이 요구되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Becking, R.W.(1957) The Zürich-Montpellier School of phytosociology. Bot. Rev. 23: 411-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872328
  2. Braun-Blanquet, J.(1965) Plant Sociology. The Study of Plant Communities.(Transl. by G.D. Fuller and H.S. Conard). New York, xii + 439pp.
  3. Choi, B.K and J.W. Kim(2011) Vegetation diversity and syntaxonomical review of Jangdo. Pro. Kor. Soc. Env. Eco. Con. 21(2): 25-29. (in Korean)
  4. Choi, K.H. and T.B. Choi(2010) Geomorphological and Sedimentological Characteristics of Jangdo Wetland in Shinan-gun, Korea. Journal of Korean Geomorphological Association 17(2): 63-76. (in Korean with English abstract)
  5. Fujiwara, K.(1996) Classification of Plant communities in the "Vegetation of Japan 1981-1989" 2nd edition. Contribution from the Department of Vegetation Science, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama Natinal Univ. 22: 23-80. (in Korean with English synopsis)
  6. Heo, C.H. and S.Y. Kim(2005) Geology and Soil Environment of Jangdo Wetland, Heuksan-myoun, Sinan-gun, Cheollanamdo- province: A Preliminary Study. Jour. Korean Earth Science Society 26(7): 661-667. (in Korean with English abstract)
  7. Heuksando Weather Station(2007) The Climatic Characteristics in Heuksan Island District. Heuksando Weather Station, 147pp. (in Korean)
  8. Jung, Y.K. and J.W. Kim(1998) A comparative study on mantle communities in south Korea and Japan. Korean J. Ecol. 21(1): 81-88. (in Korean with English abstract)
  9. Kang, B.H., S.I. Shim and K.H. Ma(2003) Floristic composition of plant community in set-aside fields with regard to seral stages. Korean Journal of environmental agriculture 22(1): 53-59. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2003.22.1.053
  10. Kang, Y.J., T.H. Kim, O.E. Hwang and J.C. Nam(2001) The Heat Flux of Ocean/Air about Sea Fog Conditions on the Southern area of the Yellow Sea(Heuksando). The Atmosphere 11(3): 529-531. (in Korean)
  11. Kim, C.S. and J.G. Oh(1995) The Vegetation of Dadohae National Marine Park. Daewon Press, Seoul, 374pp. (in Korean)
  12. Kim, J.W. and E.J. Lee(1997) Multicriterion Matrix Technique of Vegetation Assessment - A New Evaluation Technique on the Vegetation Naturalness and Its Application -. Korean J. Ecol. 20(5): 303-313. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Kim, J.W. and H.K. Nam(1998) Syntaxonomical and Synecological characteristics of rice field vegetation. Journal of ecology and field biology 21(3): 203-215. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Kim, J.W. and J.H. Kim(2003) Vegetation of Moojechi Moor in Ulsan: Syntaxonomy and Syndynamics. Korean J. Ecol. 26(5): 281-287. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2003.26.5.281
  15. Kim, J.W. and S.U. Han(2005) Moor vegetation of Mt. Shinbul in Yangsan. Korean J.Ecol. 28(2): 85-92. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Kim, J.W. and Y.I. Manyko(1994) Syntaxonomical and synchorological characteristics of the cool-temperate mixed forest in the southern Sikhote Alin, Russian Far East. Kor. J. Ecol. 17: 391-413.
  17. Kim, J.W. and Y.K. Lee(2006) Classification and Assessment of Plant Communities. Worldscience Press, Seoul, 240pp. (in Korean)
  18. Kim, J.W. S.W. Ryu, J.K. Lee, J.W. Park, Y.K. Lee, J.H. Shim, Y.H. Kang, S.K. Kim, G.J. Joo, G.Y. Kim, Y.H. Do, C.W. Lee and J.D. Yoon.(2009) Stream Ecology and the Nakdong River. Keimyung Univ. Press, Daegu, 545pp. (in Korean)
  19. Kim, J.W.(1992) Vegetation of Northeast Asia -On the syntaxonomy and syngeography of the oak and beech forests-. Ph.D. thesis, University of Vienna, Austria, 314pp. (in English with Korean and Japanese abstract)
  20. Kim, J.W.(2006) Vegetation Ecology. (2nd edition). Worldscience Press, Seoul, 340pp. (in Korean)
  21. Kim, J.W., K.H. Ahn, C.W. Lee and B.K. Choi(2011) Plant Communities of Upo Wetland. Keimyung Univ. Press, Daegu, 333pp. (in Korean with English)
  22. Kim, M.H.(2000) Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Cheju island, Korea. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Jeju, Korea, 187pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  23. Kim, M.S.( 2007) Outcrop vegetation in central-northern Youngnam region. Master thesis, Univ. of Keimyung, Korea, 46pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  24. Kitamura, S. and G. Murata(2002) Colored Illustrations of Woody Plants of Japan Vol.II (ed. 18th). Hoikusha, Japan, 545pp. (in Japanese)
  25. Korea Meteorological Administration(2012) Meteorological data. http://www.kma.go.kr/ (in Korean)
  26. Lee, E.J.(1999) Phytosociological study of dry field vegetation in Kyoungpook province. Master thesis, Univ. of Keimyung, Korea, 168pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  27. Lee, P.H.(2000) Growth characteristics and community dynamics of riparian Salix in South Korea. Ph.D. thesis, Gyeongsang National Univ. Korea, 186pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  28. Lee, T.B.(2003) Colored Flora of Korea. Vol. I , II . Hyangmunsa, Seoul, I: 914pp; II: 910(in Korean)
  29. Lee, W.T.(1996a) Lineamenta Florae Koreae. Academy Press, Seoul, 624pp. (in Korean)
  30. Lee, W.T.(1996b) Satndard Illustrations of Korean Plants. Academy Press, Seoul, 2383pp. (in Korean)
  31. Lee, Y.K. and J.W. Kim(2005) Riparian Vegetation of South Korea. Keimyung univ. press, Daegu. 293pp. (in Korean)
  32. Lee, Y.K.(2004) Syntaxonomy and synecology of the riparian vegetations in South Korea. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Keimyung, Korea, 168pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  33. Miyawaki, A., S. Okuda and R. Fujiwara(1994) Handbook of Japanese Vegetation. Shibundo, Tokyo, 910pp. (in Japanese)
  34. Miyawaki, A., S. Okuda, K. Ohno, K. Fujiwara, Y. Nakamura and Y. Murakami(1990) Vegetation of Japan Illustrated. Shibundo Co, Tokyo , 800pp. (in Japanese)
  35. National Institute of Environmental Research(2004) Research report of natural ecosystem of Jangdo wetland. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 157pp. (in Korean)
  36. National Institute of Environmental Research(2007) 2007 Detailed investigation on wetland protected areas. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, pp. 353-380. (in Korean)
  37. Oh, J.G.(1995) Comparative studies on evergreen broad-leaved forests of Dadohae national marine park in Korea and Nagasakigen in Japan. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Mokpo, Korea, 181pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  38. Ramsar Convention(2012) Ramsar sites database. http://ramsar.org/(Accessed 20. May. 2012)
  39. Ryu, S.H.(2004) Studies on vegetation and successive dynamics of moors in Montane zone, Korea. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Chungnam, Korea, 168pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  40. Song, H.K., G.S. Park, H.R. Park, S.K. So, H.J. Kim and M.Y. Kim(2006) Vegetation and Soil Properties of a Forest Wetland in Jangdo, Sinan-Gun. Kor.J.Env.Eco. 20(4): 407-414. (in Korean with English abstract)
  41. Song, J.S.(1997) A phytosocilogical study on the weed communities in the cultivated and abandoned fields of Korea. Journal of ecology and field biology 20(3): 191-200. (in Korean with English abstract)
  42. Suzuki, T. and K. Suzuki(1971) Der Index des Japanischen Meers und der Setouchi-Index. Jap. J. Ecol. 20(6): 252-255. (in Japanese with German abstract)
  43. The Korean National Council for Conservation of Nature(1996) Report on the Survey of Natural Environment in Korea -No. 10 The Uleung and Dogdo Islands-. Chonggu Group, Seoul, pp. 139-202. (in Korean with English abstract)
  44. Weber, H.E., J. Moravec and J.P. Theurillat(2000) International code of phytosociological nomenclautre. 3rd ed. Journal of vegetation science 11(5): 739-768. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236580
  45. Westhoff, V. and van der Maarel, E.(1973) The Braun-Blanquet Approach. In R.H. Whittaker (ed.), Ordination and Classification of Communities . Dr. W. Junk b.v., Hague, pp. 167-726.
  46. Yang, H.K. and T.B. Choi(2009) Management Considering Water Balance of Jangdo Island High Moor. Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association 16(4): 61-71. (in Korean with English abstract)
  47. Yeongsan River Basin Environmental Office(2006) Conservation strategies of Jangdo wetland protected areas in Sinan-Gun, Gwangju, 35pp. (in Korean)