• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.27-52
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• 2019

This research studied the determinants of private R&D investment by examining the innovation strategies of 481 small and medium enterprises (SMEs, their employee size is 5 or more and less than 300) in Busan, South Korea. The data is derived from the Technology Survey of Small and Medium Enterprises in 2001 and 2003. Three explanatory variables for the innovation strategies are the R&D portfolio, the organization (personnel) for R&D, and the strategic role of CEO for innovation. The technological levels of industries are controlled in the linear regression model. The dependent variable is the total private R&D investment of a firm in the given fiscal year. The empirical results indicate that the private R&D investment positively correlates with the complexity of the R&D portfolio, the formal organization for R&D team, and the increase of R&D personnel. The formal organization for R&D team and the number of R&D personnel are correlated with the increase of private R&D investment across the four groups in the manufacturing sector but not in the service sector. These findings suggest that the innovation policy needs to target firms who have complex R&D portfolios, the formal organization of R&D teams, and sufficient R&D personnel in order to increase the private R&D investment of SMEs in regions, with consideration of industrial characteristics.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.6 s.179
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• pp.469-483
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• 2007

Nitrate and chloride are the most common contaminants in groundwater and their concentrations increase easily due to fertilizer consumption and urbanization. The number of time series data for groundwater quality at a single site was not sufficient to analyze trends on Jeju Island. Therefore rectangle grids were drawn for the whole island and single grid was determined to be $500m{\times}500m$ after considering similar stream density, homogeneous hydraulic coefficients, geologic features of volcanic rock and low topographic slopes. All data within each lattice were collected and arranged in time series order and analyzed using Sen's method. 10.6 % of the total lattices for chloride and 22.4% for nitrate showed upward trends from the early 1990's to the early 2000's. Especially, upward trends for nitrate concentration are distinct in the low mid-mountainous areas of western and southern watersheds. Many septic tanks and much domestic waste from the urbanization of the low mid-mountainous area have produced this upward trend. Additionally, the agricultural region has dramatically increased since the 1990's and this has led to an increase of fertilizer consumption and, as a result, nitrate concentration. Therefore, the target of any management plan for groundwater quality on Jeiu Island needs to be focused on careful land use decisions in the mid-mountainous areas which are near Halla Mountain.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2005

In recent years, there is growing concern about the potential use of biological agents in war or acts of terrorism accompanied an increased realization that rapid preparedness and response are needed to prevent or treat the human damage that can be caused by these agents. The threat is indeed serious, and the potential for devastating numbers of casualties is high. The use of agents as weapons, even on a small scale, has the potential for huge social and economic disruption and massive diversion of regional and national resources to combat the threat, to treat primary disease, and to clean up environmental contamination. Biological weapons are one of weapons of mass destruction (or mass casualty weapons, to be precise. since they do not damage non-living entities) that are based on bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi or toxins produced by these organisms. Biological weapons are known to be easy and cheap to produce and can be used to selectively target humans, animals, or plants. Theses agents can cause large numbers of casualties with minimal logistical requirements (in wide area). The spread of disease cannot be controlled until there is awareness of the signs of infection followed by identification of agents; and if the organism is easily spread from person to person, as in the case of smallpox, the number of casualties could run into the tens of thousands. Biological weapons could be used covertly, there can be a lot of different deployment scenarios. A lot of different agents could be used in biological weapons. And, there are a lot of different techniques to manufacture biological weapons. Terrorist acts that make use of Biological Agents differ in a number of ways from those involving chemicals. The distinction between terrorist and military use of Biological Weapon is increasingly problematic. The stealthy qualities of biological weapons further complicate the distinction between terrorism and war. In reality, all biological attacks are likely to require an integrated response involving both military and civilian communities. The basic considerations when public health agencies establish national defence plan against bioterrorism must be 1) arraying various laws and regulations to meet the realistic needs, 2)education for public health personnels and support of concerned academic society, 3)information collection and cooperative project with other countries, 4)Detection and surveillance(Early detection is essential for ensuring a prompt response to biological or chemical attack, including the provision of prophylactic medicines, chemical antidotes, or vaccines) and 5) Response(A comprehensive public health response to a biological or chemical terrorist event involves epidemiologic investigation, medical treatment and prophylaxis for affacted persons, and the initiation of disease prevention or environmental decontamination measures). The purpose of this paper is providing basic material of preparedness and response for biological terrorism in modern society.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.2 s.46
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• pp.83-95
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• 2006

This study is to establish a national vision of the hydrogen economy and design a roadmap to materialize it. A goal is set to supply 15% of final energy consumption with hydrogen energy in Korea by 2040. Selecting the transportation sorter as the main target, more than 50% of vehicles on the road will be replaced with fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) while $20{\sim}30%$ of electricity demand in the residential and commercial sectors might be replaced with power generation by fuel cells. If this goals were attained as planned, primary energy demand would be reduced by 9%, resulting in improved energy mix in which fossil fuel consumption is greatly reduced whereas renewable energy increases by 47%. Furthermore, GHG emissions will be reduced by 20% and self-sufficiency in energy is enhanced up to 23%. If the hydrogen economy is to materialize, the government needs to implement institutional arrangements such as new legislations, organizations, and fiscal measures to facilitate the process. In addition, the private sector's participation is highly recommended to mobilize fund needed for the huge investment to build an infrastructure in preparation for the hydrogen economy. Arrangements for codes and standards are also required to promote industrialization of fuel cells and hydrogen production and consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2014

Recently, camera and RADAR are used for more effective and accurate observation of the bird migration. In recent years, many researches on the bird migration using RADAR are undertaking and in active, thus causes the advent of "RADAR ornithology" as a new academic field. Due to the lack of accessibility, economic feasibility and mobility of weather RADAR, airport searching RADAR and tracking RADAR, Nowadays, a marine RADAR is widely used for a bird observation. In this paper, we deals with a study on development of a remote bird observation system using marine FMCW RADAR, which monitors, records and analyzes bird movement by RADAR image processing and target recognition technology. Also, we conduct first test and second test for availability of the developed system, and verify the system to apply in bird observation domain. Consequently, we figured problems out, and correct the problems to improve the system. The developed system can apply in other domains such as environment evaluation. In the future, the system needs to improve accuracy of statistics and to track migration route of bird.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Golden hamsters show the reproductive activity that is determined by the photoperiod (length of light per day). Photoperiod is an environmental factor that is predictable through an entire year. The hamsters are sexually active in summer during which day length exceeds night time. The critical length is at least 12.5 hours of light in a day where reproductive function is maintained. The information of photoperiod is mediated by the pineal gland because removal of pineal gland blocks the influence of photoperiod on reproductive activity. The hamsters without pineal gland maintain sexual activity and promote it in a situation that suppresses gonadal activity. The pineal gland secretes melatonin that reflects the photoperiod. The appropriate administrations of melatonin into both pineal intact and pinealectomized hamsters lead to a gonadal reression. The results suggest that melatonin constitutes a part of control mechanism whereby environmental information is transduced to neuroendocrine signal respensible for the functional integrity of the reproductive system. Despite of the intense studies, the action site of melatonin is on the whole unknown. It is mainly due to the lack of acute efffct of melatonin on the secretion of reproductive hormones. However, sexually regressed animals display the low levelsof gonadotropins and the augmentation of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content, implying that the antigonadotropic effects either by photoperiod and/or by the treatment of melatonin are mediated by the GnRH neuronal system. The action mechanism by which melatonin exerts its effect on GnRH neuron needs to be investigated. Recent cloning of melatonin receptor will contribute to examine various and putative potencies of melatonin via its anatomical identification and the action mechanism of melatonin on target tissues at the molecular level.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.317-328
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to review the trend of research in geographical education since the launching of the Korean Geographical Society in 1945 and to suggest the areas and directions for future oriented research in geographical education. 422 articles (including 12 books) were reviewed and analized for this paper. The outputs of research in geographical education contributed in developing and improving the geographical education in primary and secondary school geography. But to achieve stable and desirable status as a subject in the school curriculum, research in geographical education has to be changed in its target areas and methods. The results and the suggestions of this study are summarized as follows: First, research in geographical education in diverse areas, especially in the areas of significance, aims and objectives, and psychology of geographical education should be preceded the revision of the school curriclum so that the results could be used as the basis information and evidences in decision making about the curriculum. Second, research in geographical education for affective domain and skill development should be implemented more actively in accordance to the trend of integration centering around the dicipline-inquiry skill and citizenship skill. More close relationship between the circles of geographical education and geography would be one of the ways to satisfy the social needs. Third, the linkage between primary and secondary school geography is crucial to the research in geographical education. Considering the sequence in human development research in geographical education for two levels of school should be conducted in more wide school-year span. Fourth, critical and prescriptive research in geographical education focusing on the individual, diciplinary, and social relevancy of the content of geographical education may be recommended. Finally, the outputs of the research in geographical education should be publicized more widely so that the rationale for justification of subject geography and geographical education may be shared with among the researchers, educational administrators, and practioners.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.35
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• pp.399-426
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• 1998

This article describers the field testing of the task-centered case management model for practice with the elderly clients in the community. Six social workers in three community center applied task centered. model to 12 elderly in community. The model tested in the field trial led to positive results. The results of task completion and problem change indicate that including elderly clients in all steps from identifying problems to suggesting and implementing tasks are important. Target problems and tasks which clients indicate gained high accomplishment. Task-centered interventions provided an intensive period of service that helped clients work on immediate problems. Moreover, they helped clients actively participate in decision making processes and in problem solving activities. Although the task centered approach is a short tenn intervention, the analysis of the field trial suggests that it can be integrated with an approach that is a long tenn in nature through re contract for different problems or unresolved problems. Several suggestion can be made to apply task-centered model for elderly in Korea. First, since one social worker handles over 60 cases, this approach can be used more effectively for new case or the elderly who needs intensive help. Second, preparing and sharing contract with client should be encouraged to help both client and social workers. Also until the social workers are familiar with this approach, there should be an intensive supervision to monitor their activities. Third, it is important to make task planner for Social workers who is working with elderly in community. Task planner is the guide line books to show steps to solve similar problems. Fourth, more efforts should be made to make resource directory in the community as well as in Korea. Fifth, case managers who handle family problems and other personal conflicts should be more trained to be confident to deal with these problems.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.101-137
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• 2010

This paper defines markets relating to each paid broadcasting service by applying the test method of critical sales loss to the results of survey to the paid service subscribers. The result confirms the existence of a meaningful competitive relationship--in terms of the Competition Law--among all paid broadcasting services included in this study, or at least analog cable broadcasting, digital cable broadcasting, and real time IPTV(Internet Protocol TV) service. This indicates that current regulations which are being applied to cable TV, satellite broadcasting, and IPTV are actually discriminatory. Based on these analysis results, this paper suggests that the main attention for the improvement of regulations should be focused on regulations which are differently applied to different paid service providers. In particular, Article 20 in the Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Law is interpreted as defining the real-time IPTV as an independent market, thereby having leeway to harm fair competition among different paid service providers. Therefore, that article needs to change to give the right of equal access to contents to all the competing paid service providers. Furthermore, to put teeth in the contents equal access rule, most popular pay channels need to be designated as target contents of the rule. As for the market-share limitation regulations, the paper suggests that an upper limit on the market share should be set based on the total number of subscribers of all the competing paid services and the same limit applied to all the competing paid service providers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.504-516
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• 2018

Many countries have tried to reform financing systems toward UHC and paid attention to the function of strategic purchasing. This study was performed to examine theoretical foundations and the function of strategic purchasing. And we examined the functions of strategic purchasing in Korea based on the framework proposed by Preker(2005). For this purpose, we reviewed literature related to purchasing. we defined the strategic purchasing as strategic activities to provide health care services people need within a given budget, which is carried out by certain organizations, purchasing organizations. These activities include selecting appropriate providers, designing and operating the payment system, setting the price, and determining the target populations and their needs etc. The relationships among government, purchasers and healthcare providers can be explained by the principal-agent theory. In addition to Preker's framework, we emphasized the importance of the infrastructure such as decision making support systems, information systems, health care resource management systems, or expenditure monitoring systems. The National Health Insurance Service and the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service play major roles in performing strategic purchasing.