• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2022

This paper investigates the effects of age, gender, and situational factors on take-over performance in automated driving. The existing automated driving systems still consider a driver as a fallback-ready user who is receptive to take-over requests. Thus, we need to understand the impact of situations and human factors on take-over performance. 34 drivers drove on a simulated track, consisting of one baseline and four event scenarios. The data, including the brake reaction time and the standard deviation of lane position, and physiological data, including the heart rate and skin conductance, were collected. The analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. The results showed that there were significant age, gender, and situational differences in the takeover performance and mental workload. Findings from this study indicated that older drivers may face risks due to their degraded driving performance, and female drivers may have a negative experience on automated driving.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.75-92
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• 2023

Level 3 autonomous vehicles require conditional autonomous driving in which autonomous and manual driving are alternately performed; whether the driver can resume manual driving within a limited time should be examined. This study investigates whether the demographics and subjective driving tendencies of drivers affect the take-over performance. We measured and analyzed the reengagement and stabilization time after a take-over request from the autonomous driving system to manual driving using a vehicle simulator that supports the driver's take-over mechanism. We discovered that the driver's reengagement and stabilization time correlated with the speeding and wild driving tendency as well as driving workload questionnaires. To verify the efficiency of subjective questionnaire information, we tested whether the driver with slow or fast reengagement and stabilization time can be detected based on machine learning techniques and obtained results. We expect to apply these results to training programs for autonomous vehicles' users and personalized human-vehicle interfaces for future autonomous vehicles.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2022

조건부 자율주행 차량은 주행 상황에 따라 운전자에게 제어권을 인계해야 한다. 그러나 운전자가 비운전 과제에 몰입해 있다면, 상황에 맞는 의사결정을 하지 못할 수 있다. 선행연구에서는 주행 방향정보를 제공하는 단서 자극 (Cue)이 제어권 전환 성능을 높인다는 것을 확인했으나, 이러한 방법론이 실제 운전자의 뇌 활성도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 매우 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 조건부 자율주행에서 제어권 전환 시, Cue에 따른 운전자의 뇌 활동을 평가한다. 총 25명의 피험자가 운전 시뮬레이터를 활용한 제어권 전환 성능에 평가를 수행하였다. 뇌 활동의 평가를 위해서는 혈액 내 산화 헤모글로빈 농도 변화를 통해 뇌 활성화를 측정하는 기능적 근적외 분광법이 사용되었으며 뇌 영역 중 전전두피질 (Prefrontal Cortex; PFC)의 활성화를 평가했다. 실험결과, Cue가 존재하는 경우 운전자의 PFC가 활성화되어 안정적인 제어권 전환 성능이 형성됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 Cue가 운전자의 뇌 활성도에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 확인하였다는 점에서, 향후 조건부 자율주행에서 생체반응을 활용한 제어권 전환 성능 평가 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.307-316
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• 2016

다층 방어 시스템은 표적의 장거리 조기탐지를 위해 조기 경보 레이다를 활용하고, 정밀 요격 통제를 위해 대공 레이다를 활용하는 방식을 취한다. 그러므로 레이다들 사이에 표적 인계 과정을 필요로 하게 되는데, 추적의 안정화 및 교전 통제를 고려하여 적절한 시점에 표적 인계가 이루어져야 한다. 본 논문에서는 다층 레이다 시스템의 운용 특성을 분석하고, 고속표적에 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 추적 성능 예측 기반의 표적 인계 시점 결정기법을 제안하였다. 또한, 탄도탄 방어 시나리오를 포함하는 통합 시뮬레이터 환경에서 제안 기법을 검증하였다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.88-98
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• 2003

Compared to the noise limits (CAN7) specified in ICAO Annex 16 for civil helicopters, the Lynx helicopter equipped with BERP blades has only 0.2 EPNdB margin in the approach case although it has more than 4 EPNdB margin in fly-over and take-off conditions. The objectives of the study described in this paper were to devise a low noise main rotor blade for the Lynx using UEAF combined with the high resolution airload model ACROT. A design requirement is that the new blade, KBERP (Korean BERP) blade should achieve a significant reduction in noise during approach(at least 6EPNdB margin) without any noise penalty in fly-over and take-off conditions and minimal performance penalty. It was decided to investigate a tip modification to the BERP blade, employing the twin vortex concept to reduce the BVI noise and to retain the excellent high speed performance characteristics of BERP. Through the parametric study, the KBERP blade with optimized twin vortices has at least a 9 EPNdB noise margin in approach flight condition with only a small penalty in fly-over and take-off conditions. The KBERP tip is thus a very cost effective wav to reduce BVI noise during approach.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the techniques used by long jumpers who recorded over 8meters in 2002 Busan Asian Game and 2003 Daegu Universiade. The kinematic characteristics from the last three stride to takeoff at the takeoff board were analyzed such as velocities, heights and angles. The real-life three-dimensional coordinates of 20 body landmarks during each trial were collected using a Direct Linear Transformation procedure. The conclusion were as follows; 1. The height variation who recorded over 8 meters of center of gravity of the jumpers at the last stride was under 8cm. In order to record over 8meters the national long jumpers should have under 10cm height variation. 2. In the approach phase the horizontal velocity of the jumpers should reach to 10.5m/s in last three strides and 9.79m/s in touch down at take off board. 3. The horizontal velocity at take off board must have over 8.51m/s and the vertical velocity must have 3.75m/s simultaneously in order to record 8meters. 4. The forward body lean angle should have over 20degrees with pushing the take off board in forwarding movement. The appropriate body variation range ratio between take off and touch down should be 1.2 vs 1 and the trunk angle at touch down on the board should be close to the erect posture for higher body flight.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.641-652
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• 2021

자율 주행 중에 많은 운전자는 안전하다고 판단되는 상황에서 운전 외 다른 활동을 수행할 것으로 예상한다. 본 연구는 반 자율주행 차량의 안전한 상황에 대한 알림의 제어권 전환 시 상황 인식 수준과 운전 수행에 미치는 영향과 주관적 평가를 살펴보았다. 실험 1에서 통제조건(경고음), 주의 알림, 안전 알림, 모든 알림 조건에 대하여 자율 주행 차량의 영상을 보고 상황 인식 수준과 주관적 평가를 진행하였다. 그 결과 안전한 상황 알림 조건에서 상황 인식 수준이 가장 높았으며 만족도와 즐거움 척도에서 높은 평가를 받았고, 불신과 불쾌함에서는 낮은 평가를 보였다. 실험 2에서는 자율주행 차량 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 실제 운전 수행, 상황 인식 수준과 주관적 평가를 진행하였다. 그 결과 운전 수행에서 안전한 알림 조건에서 가장 높은 수행을 보였으며, 더 위험이 낮다고 주관적으로 평가하였다. 본 연구는 반자율주행 차량에서 안전한 상황에 대한 알림이 운전자의 만족도와 운전 수행을 개선할 수 있음을 보여줘 불쾌한 경험을 줄이면서 안전한 자율 주행 시스템을 디자인하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2020

This paper presents a longitudinal control algorithm for ensuring takeover time of autonomous vehicle using V2V communication. In the autonomous driving of more than level 3, autonomous systems should control the vehicles by itself partially. However if the driver's intervention is required for functional safety, the driver should take over the control reasonably. Autonomous driving system has to be designed so that drivers can take over the control from autonomous vehicle reasonably for driving safety. In this study, control algorithm considering takeover time has been developed based on computation method of takeover time. Takeover time is analysed by conditions of longitudinal velocity of preceding vehicle in time-velocity plane. In addition, desired clearance is derived based on takeover time. The performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm in this study was conducted using 3D vehicle model with actual driving data in Matlab/Simulink environment. The results of the performance evaluation show that the longitudinal control algorithm can control while securing takeover time reasonably.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2017

Over the past several decades, embedded system and flight control computer technologies have been evolved to meet the diverse needs of the mobile device market. Current embedded systems are at the heart of technologies that can take advantage of small-sized specialized hardware while still providing high-efficiency performance at low cost. One of these key technologies is multiple memory banks. For example, a dual memory bank can provide two times more memory bandwidth in the same memory space. This benefit take lower cost to provide the same bandwidth. However, there is still few software technologies to support the efficient use of multiple memory banks. In this study, we present a technique to efficiently exploit multiple memory banks by software support. Specifically, our technique use an interference graph to optimally allocate data to different memory banks by an optimizing compiler. As a result, the execution time can be improved upto 7% with the proposed technique.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.653-660
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• 2020

The paper examines the impact of proctoring environments on student performance in two different exam proctoring environments: online versus offline proctored exams. This study employs a set of aggregated data from 1,762 students over the eight-year period from 2009 to 2016 in a university. Although there were nine courses offered, they could have been counted more than once as students may appear several times to take exams for different courses. This study employs independent samples t-test and regression analysis to compare the means of two independent groups and to test the hypothesis. The results of the independent samples t-test and the regression analysis indicate that there is no difference in the mean scores of exams and, therefore, the findings suggest that the exam proctoring environment is unlikely related to student performance even when students take their exams either in online proctoring or offline proctoring environments. This study concludes that the proctoring environment unlikely results in a statistically significant difference of exam scores and, thus, the exam proctoring environment does not appear to cause any change in student performance. The findings suggest that the exam proctoring environments does not appear to impact on student academic achievements and assessments.