• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.1 s.49
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• pp.103-121
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• 1995

An investigation on psychophysiological health and social well-being of shift workers been carried out on workers of a automobile manufacturing plant in Ulsan, for 1 month from April, 1993. This cross-sectional survey compared shift workers(n=544) with day workers(n=115). Each subject completed a questionnaire about his personal habit, background, shift schedule, sleep and eating patterns, subjective digestive symptom and psychological well-being and distress using the General Well-Being Schedule(GWB) by self administrated questionnaire that was developed for the U.S. Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (HANES I). Chi-square analysis was used for discontinuous data and the t-test was used for continous data to determine whether differences noted between the two groups. In terms of sleep quality, a greater percentage of shift workers frequently had trouble getting back to sleep once awakend(p<0.01), and a greater percentage of shift workers awakend tired or sleepy frequently more often than day workers(p<0.05). In rating the quality of their sleep, more shift workers rated their sleep fair to poor than day workers, and greater percentage of shift workers felt tired or sleepy at work two or more times per week(p<0.01) and a much higher percentage of shift workers felt tired or sleepy after work every days(p<0.01). In terms of sleep patterns, a much higher percentage of day workers reported uninterrupted sleep per 24hours than shift workers. The shift workers reported different eating patterns from day workers but there were no statistically significant and rate of their appetite. Thirteen percent of day workers reported the best appetite but only 6.6% of shift workers had the best appetite. The gastric complaints is more frequent in shift workers than day workers(p<0.01). Among subscores in General Well-Being Schedule, anxiety, depression, positive well-being and vitality subscale of shift workers were lower than those of day workers(p<0.05) and general health and self control subscale of shift workers were lower than .those of day workers but there were no statistical significant difference. Based on these study result, it could be concluded that the shift work has significant effects on some psychophysiological conditions of the workers.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.691-701
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• 2009

Purpose: Deviations of arterial palmar arches in the hand can be explained on the embryological basis. The purpose of this study was to provide new information about palmar arches through cadaver's dissection. The values of the location and diameter in these vessels were analyzed in order to support anatomical research and clinical correlation in the hand. Methods: The present report is based on an analysis of dissections of fifty - three hands carried out in the laboratory of gross anatomy. A reference line was established on the distal wrist crease to serve as the X coordinate and a perpendicular line drawn through the midpoint between middle and ring fingers, which served as the Y coordinate. The coordinates of the x and y values were measured by a digimatic caliper, and statistically analyzed with Student's t - test. Results: Complete superficial palmar archs were seen in 96.2 % of specimens. In the most common type of males, the superficial arch was formed only by the ulnar artery. In the most common type of females, the superficial arch was formed anastomosis between the radial artery and the ulnar artery. The average length of the superficial and deep palmar arch is $110.3{\pm}33.0mm$ and $67.9{\pm}14.0mm$ respectively. Regarding the superficial palmar arch, ulnar artery starts $-16.1{\pm}5.1mm$ on X - line, and $2.5{\pm}24.5mm$ on Y - line. Radial artery appears on palmar side $7.7{\pm}3.2mm$ on X - line, and $20.9{\pm}10.9mm$ on Y - line. But radial artery starts on $6.3{\pm}3.6mm$ on X - line, and $3.4{\pm}5.1mm$ on Y - line. Digital arteries of superficial palmar arch starts on $6.1{\pm}3.7mm$, $33.9{\pm}8.8mm$ on index finger, $1.8{\pm}3.4mm$, $40.1{\pm}7.3mm$ on middle finger, $-3.2{\pm}4.9mm$, $42.6{\pm}7.0mm$ on ring finger, and $-8.9{\pm}5.1mm$, $42.5{\pm}80mm$ on little finger in respective X and Y coordinates. Radial artery of deep palmar arches measured at the palmar side perforating from the dorsum of hand. It's coordinates were $9.7{\pm}4.8mm$ on X - line, $21.7{\pm}10.2mm$ on Y - line. Ulnar artery was measured at hypothenar area, and it's coordinates were $-20.4{\pm}6.3mm$ on X - line, and $30.6{\pm}7.4mm$ on Y - line. Conclusions: Anatomically superficial palmar arch can be divided into a complete and an incomplete type. Each of them can be subdivided into 4 types. The deep palmar arch is less variable than the superficial palmar arch. We believe these values of the study will be used for the vascular surgery of the hand using the endoscope and robot in the future.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2004

Classification of esophageal motility disorders not yet finalized and is still ongoing as the new disorders are reported, and the existing classification is changed or removed. In terms of radiology, the primary peristalsis does not exist, and the lower end of the esophagus show the smooth, tapered, beak-like appearance. The esophageal motility disorder, which mostly occurs in the smooth muscle area, show the symptoms of reduction or loss (hypomotility) or abnormal increase (hypermotility) of peristalsis of the esophagus. It is important to understand the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus for the appropriate radiological method and diagnosis. Furthermore, the symptom of the patient and the manometry finding must be closely referred for the radiological diagnosis. The lower esophageal sphincter can be normally functioning and open completely as the food moves lower. Sperandio M et al. argues that the name diffuse esophageal spasm must be changed to distal esophageal spasm (DES) as most of the spasm occurs in the distal esophagus, composed of the smooth muscle. According to Ott et al., usefulness of barium method for diagnosing the esophageal motility disorder is Achalasia 95%, DES 71% and NEMD 46%, with the overall sensitivity of 56%. However, excluding the nutcracker esophagus or nonspecific disorder which cannot be diagnosed with the radiological methods, the sensitivity increases to 89%. Using videofluoroscopy and 5 time swallows, the average sensitivity was over 90%. In conclusion, the barium method is a simple primary testing method for esophageal motility test. Using not only the image but also the videofluoroscopy with good knowledge of the anatomy and physiology, it is believed that the method will yield the accurate diagnosis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.384-390
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• 1994

Authors retrospectively compared the 99mTc MDP bone scans and corresponding MR imagings in 20 patients with histologically proven malignancy, Mean interval of the two studies was 16.6 days, Cancer diagnosis Included 8 lung, 2 each of colon, breast, stomach, 1 each of prostate, thyroid, malignant lymphoma and 3 adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site. Of the 105 regions compared, :t6 regions were positive for metastases in bone scans or MR imagings. 30 regions(65.2%) were positive by bone scan and 44 regions(95.7%) by MR imaging. 87 regions(82.9%) were concordantly positive or negative by bone scan and MR imaging, but 18 regions(17.1%) were discordant. In the discordant regions, 16 regions positive in MR imaging were negative in bone scan. The greatest number of discordant findings occured in the cervical region and in the patient with stomach cancer. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of MR Imaging is greater than that of bone scan in detecting spinal metastases. And bone scan is useful screening test of metastasis for evaluating entire skeleton including spine.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2014

Purpose: The effective half life of I-131 is useful to calculate radiation dose, period of hospitalization, and exposure dose of surrounding people from patient. However, it is difficult to measure. This study estimates the effective half life in whole body and thyroid in using of value of residual radioactivity obtained from the early and delay images of Dual time I-131 whole body scan. Also, the correlations between the effective half life and serum creatinine, GFR, and administration dose were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: The targets were 50 patients administration high dose of I-131 from February to August in 2013, having normal range of serum creatinine and over $30{\mu}IU/mL$ of TSH levels. After administration radioactive I-131, the early scan in the 3rd day and the delay scan in the 5-6th days were performed. To measure the residual radioactivity in the whole body and thyroid, ROI was set and then background radioactivity was corrected to estimate. The effective half life was estimated by calculating the ratio of measured values between the early and delay images. To compare the effective half lives of the whole body and thyroid, it was analyzed by Independent t-test, and each correlation of the effective half life, GFR, serum creatinine, and the dose of administration were analyzed by calculating the pearson's correlation coefficient. All of the analysis were determined to be statistically significant when P<0.05. Results: The effective half life of the whole body was $17.06{\pm}5.50$ hours and of the thyroid was $17.22{\pm}5.41$ hours. The two effective half life did not show significant difference (P=0.887). As the value of GFR was increased, the effective half life of whole body (r=-0.407, P=0.003) and of thyroid (r=-0.473, P=0.001) were significantly decreased; as the value of serum creatinine was increased, the effective half life of whole body (r=0.309, P=0.029) and of thyroid (r=0.371, P=0.008) were significantly increased. In the administration dose, effective half life did not have correlations. Conclusion: The effective half life of I-131 of patients treated for their thyroids were estimated only by using the images of Dual time I-131 whole body scan. Also, the correlations with the effective life, GFR, and serum creatinine were examined. This study might be utilized for a study on optimization for the period of hospitalization of patients treated by high dose of I-131 and on evaluation for internal absorbed dose of MIRD schema in application of the effective half life.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2005

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of the gastric chief cells of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin). Healthy adult ICR mice weighing 25 gm each were divided into normal and experimental groups (experimental control group and BCG treated group). In the experimental groups, each mouse was inoculated with $1x10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.2 mL of saline or BCG (0.5 mL/25 g B.W.: $0.03{\times}10^8{\sim}0.32{\times}10^8$ CFU) were injected subcutaneously to the animals every other day, respectively. The day following the last injection, each mouse was sacrificed. Pieces of the tissue were taken from the stomach, prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution. The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The size of zymogen granule and the size of the mitochondrion of the gastric chief cells were observed and calculated. In the BCG treated group, most chief cells did not show any difference in ultrastructure, except that myelin figures were more frequently observed, in comparison with that of nornmal control group. The size of zymogen granule in the gastric chief cells of normal control, experimental control and BCG-treated groups were $0.98({\pm}0.108){\mu}m,\;1.05({\pm}0.092){\mu}m\;and\;0.93({\pm}0.053){\mu}m$, respectively. And the mitochondrial size of the gastric chief cells of normal control, experimental control and BCG-treated groups were $0.80({\pm}0.130){\mu}m,\;0.83({\pm}0.143){\mu}m\;and\;0.72({\pm}0.078){\mu}m$, respectively. From the above results, it was concluded that BCG may slightly suppress function of the gastric chief cells.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2014

Hot water dipping test was conducted for chicon to restrict red discoloration of its basal part which impairs the product value during sales. Hot water dipping treatment was given to chicon for 4 min and for 8 min at $38^{\circ}C$ and for 2 min and 4 min at $42^{\circ}C$, and for 1 min and 2 min at $45^{\circ}C$, along with control (for one min at $20^{\circ}C$). The red discoloration indices of basal part of chicon during sensory evaluation on the sixth day of storage under the storage temperature at $10^{\circ}C$ was lower at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The color change value of the basal part in chicon measured by colorimeter showed that the lowest ${\Delta}a^*$ and ${\Delta}h$ were maintained in the basal part of chicon treated at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. Whereas, color changes in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments were significantly low as compared with that of control. The contents of total phenolic compounds which are the substances that cause red discoloration of basal part in chicon were lowest at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) resposible for in the synthesis of phenolic substances was the least in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min treatment. Whereas, PAL activity of the chicons treated a t $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min were significantly lower than that of control. However, red discoloration was progressed as similar level with that of control in the basal part of chicon at $45^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. The contents of total phenolic compounds and PAL activity in this treatment were not significantly different from those in control. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity which causes red discoloration of cut tissues was low in all the treatments including $42^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ treatment at which no inhibition effects of the red discoloration of basal part of chicon were observed. When the correlation coefficient between each investigated index was tested, most of them showed high correlation except the PPO activity and particularly and the red discoloration index and sensory evaluation ${\Delta}h$ values, and PAL activity and total phenolic compounds content were $r=0.927^{**}$, and $r=0.942^{**}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2001

This study was to examine whether the in vitro friability, motility and intact acrosome of frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm can be improved by adding Pentoxifylline (PF) or Fertilization Promoting Peptide (FPP). Human semen was frozen ultra-rapidly using Test yolk-buffer (TYB) freezing medium. Additive (PF, FPP) effects in frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm were analyzed by microscopic count for sperm motility and coomassie brilliant blue staining method f3r sperm acrosome intact. The in vitro motility of frozen-thawed bovine sperm with 5 mM PF treatment group (50.0%) was significantly higher than that of control (34.0%) (P＜0.05). In the frozen-thawed bovine sperm was examined, the intact acrosome rate of 50 nM FPP treatment (49.0%) was significantly higher than those of control (30.0%) and 25 nM FPP (38.0%) treatment groups (P＜0.01). In human semen, when in vitro motility of sperm with PF addition prior to freezing was examined, the result of 5 mM treatment group (51.0%) was significantly higher than those of control and 2.5 mM treatment group (39.0, 40.0%) (P＜0.01). In addition, 50 nM (75.5%) FPP adding in all treatment procedures for human semen freezing (before freezing, freezing and after thawing) was significant effect on maintenance of the sperm intact acrosome percentage (control: 45.0; 25 nM: 53.0; 100 nM: 68.0%) (P＜0.01). Also, the intact acrosome rate of human sperm with FPP (65.0%) was significantly higher than that with PF (43.0%) (P＜0.05), although sperm motility was slightly higher in PF treatment group. These results suggest that improved sperm motility and intact acrosome of frozen thawed bovine and human sperm can be obtained by addition of PF or FPP, and that the enhanced in vitro viability, motility and intact acrosome can be obtained by addition of FPP in all semen freezing procedures.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2001

This study investigated the effect of ferrous sulfate (Fe$^{2+}$) and/or ascorbic acid (Asc) on fertilizing ability in vitro of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Using chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence, the spermatozoa was treated in preincubation medium with control, Fe$^{2+}$(1 mM), Asc (0.5 mM) and Fe$^{2+}$Asc to assessed for acrosome reaction, and the oocyte penetration test to determine whether the Fe$^{2+}$ and/or Asc can promote the penetration ability in vitro. When frozen-thawed spermatozoa was washed with preincubation medium, there were significantly (P ＜ 0.05) more acrosome-reacted in medium with Fe$^{2+}$Asc (38%) than control (27%). The penetration rates were also significantly (P ＜ 0.05) higher in medium with Fe$^{2+}$Asc (76%) than control (55%). Next, the lipid peroxidation of sperm was evaluated on the basis of malondialdehyde production following same treatments. The addition of Fe$^{2+}$Asc to sperm suspension increases the formation of malondialdehyde. However, there were not significantly different under the all conditions. The sperm suspension were also treated with control, Fe$^{2+}$, Asc and Fe$^{2+}$/Asc and assayed for sulfhydry1(-SH) group content. In the Fe$^{2+}$/Asc group, sperm-SH group were higher than another groups. In spermatozoa treated with Fe$^{2+}$ and/or Asc, however, no changes in sperm -SH-groups were detected when compared to controls. In another experiment, the activity of sperm binding to zona pellucida was evaluated through binding to salt-stored porcine oocytes. In control and Asc treatment groups, sperm binding to zona pellucida were significantly (P ＜ 0.05) higher than in medium with Fe$^{2+}$. On the other hand, there is not a significant increase in binding to zona pellucida with spermatozoa treated by Fe$^{2+}$/Asc. In summary, the present study suggests that Fe$^{2+}$/Asc causes an enhancement in fertilizing ability that is associated with penetration rate increased without change of spermatozoa binding capacity to homologous zona pellucida.o homologous zona pellucida.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2012

Purpose: Developmental delay is caused by very diverse etiologic diseases. Most chronic disorders has some influence on development. Chronic or acute disorders of CNS are main etiologic diseases of developmental delay. Up to now, over 60 diseases are included in organic acidopathies and most of them causes acute or chronic recurrent CNS damage and developmental delay. We have done this study to find out the importance of organic acidopathies causing developmental delay in Korean childhood and adolescent patients. Method: Retrograde analysis for 738 patients with developmental delay whose clinical informations are available and have done urine organic acid analysis for 5 years period, between Jan. 1st 2007 to Dec. 31th 2011. Statistical analysis was done with Student's t test using SPSS. Result: Out of 738 patients, 340 patients (46.1%) showed abnormalities on urine organic acid analysis. The most frequent disease was mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (MRCD) (253, 34.3%), followed by ketolytic defects(39, 5.3%), 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (26, 3.5%), glutaric aciduria type II (8, 1.1%), pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (3, 0.4%), 3-methylglutaric aciduria (2, 0.3%), glutaric aciduria type I (2, 0.3%), ethylmalonic aciduria (1, 0.15%), methylmalonic aciduria (1, 0.15%), HMG-CoA lyase deficiency (1, 0.15%), 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria (1, 0.15%), fatty acid oxidation disorders(1, 0.15%) and FAOD (1, 0.15%). Conclusion: Mitochondrial disorders are most frequent etiologic disease on all age group, followed by ketolytic defects and various organic acidopathies. The number and diversities of organic acidopathies emphasize meticulous evaluation of basic routine laboratory examinations and organic acid analysis with initial sample on every developmental patient.