• 제목/요약/키워드: t-MA

검색결과 632건 처리시간 0.039초

잣나무 2-1 묘(苗)와 방크스소나무 1-1 묘(苗)의 생장(生長)에 미치는 밀도효과(密度効果) (Density Effects on the Size of 2-1 Korean Pine and 1-1 Jack Pine Nursery Stock)

  • 마상규
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1976
  • 잣나무 2-1묘(苗)와 방크스소나무 1-1묘(苗)의 생장(生長)에 미치는 밀도효과(密度効果)를 보기 위하여 광릉묘포(光陵苗圃)에서 잣나무의 경우는 $m^2$당 36본에서 324본까지 식재(植栽)하였으며 방크스소나무는 25본에서 169본까지 식재(植栽) 하였다. 실험결과(實驗結果) 묘고(苗高), 근원경(根元經), 건중량(乾重量) 및 규격묘(規格苗) 생산(生産)에 뚜렷한 효과(効果)를 보았다. 잣나무 2-1묘(苗)는 밀식(密植)시킬수록 수고생장(樹高生長)은 증대되고, 방크스소나무는 식재밀도구간(植栽密度區間)에 차이(差異)가 없었다. 잣나무와 방크스소나무는 밀식시킬수록 근원경(根元經) 생장(生長)은 감소되는 경향이 있으나 후자(後者)가 급격히 감소하고 있다. 잣나무의 평균목(平均木) 건중량(乾重量)은 밀식(密植)시킬수록 감소율은 낮으나 방크스소나무는 높다. 밀식(密植)으로 인해 일반적으로 T/R율(率)의 값은 증대되나 식재밀도구간(植栽密度區間)에 큰 차이(差異)가 나타나지 않고 있다. 평균목(平均木)의 잎 뿌리와 줄기의 건중량은 밀식(密植)시킬수록 감소되고 있으나 방크스소나무가 잣나무 보다 감소율이 높다. 그리고 잣나무의 경우는 줄기의 건중량(乾重量)은 밀식구(密植區)와 소식구간(疎植區間)에 차(差)가 적다. 밀식(密植)으로 나타나는 잣나무의 세장성(細長性) 보다는 방크스소나무의 세장성(細長性)이 더욱 높게 나타나고 있으나 밀식(密植)시킬수록 전체적인 물질생산량(物質生産量)은 증대되리라 생각 된다. 이상의 생장특성(生長特性)으로보아 잣나무의 이식상(移植床)을 만들때와 조림(造林)은 밀식(密植)시키도록 하고 방크스소나무는 소식(疎植)함이 효과(効果)적일것으로 생각 된다. 잣나무 2-1묘(苗)의 규격(規格)은 간장(幹長) 18cm 근원경(根元經)은 4mm로 개정(改正)시키고 $m^2$당 이식본수(移植本數)는 묘포비옥도(苗圃肥沃度)에 따라 160~200본(本)으로 함이 적합하리라 생각되며, 방크스소나무 1-1묘(苗)의 규격(規格)은 간장(幹長) 25cm 근원경(根元經) 6mm가 적합하며 $m^2$당 이식본수(移植本數)는 묘포비옥도(苗圃肥沃度)에 따라 100-120본(本)이 적합할 것이다.

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리베스(Ribes nigrum L. var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze') 식물의 화아분화에 관한 연구 (Untersuchungen iiber Blutenknospenbildung bei Ribes nigrum L.)

  • Yang, Deok Cho
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.179-189
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    • 1984
  • 본실험(本實驗)은 고등식물의 유년기(幼年期)를 단축시키기 위한 연구(硏究)의 일환(一環)으로, 최적환경 조건하에서 리베스(Ribes nigrum L., var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze')식물(植物)의 선척적 유년기(Primary Juvenile Phase)와 후천적 유년기(Secondary Juvenile Phase)간의 개화생리(開花生理) 특성(特性)을 비교(比較) 조사(調査)하므로써 리베스의 화아(花芽)유도 성숙기(Ripeness to Flower). 화아분화(花芽分化) 메카니즘, 그리고 유년기(幼年期) 생리(生理)에 관(關)한 기초자료를 얻고자 행(行)하였다. 리베스의 Primary Juvenile Stage는 7개월로써 Secondary Juvenile State 5개월 보다 다소 길었다. 화아유도 성숙기는 P.J.식물(植物)에서는 20. node였으나, S.J.-식물(植物)에서는 이미 5. node에서 도달하였다. 따라서 동등한 node를 지닌 개체간의 화아형성율(花芽形成率)은 P.J.-식물(植物)에서 S.J.-식물(植物)보다 현저히 적었다. 리베스의 화아분화(花芽分化)는 첨단생장점이 아닌 Shoot의 중앙부(中央部)에서부터 유도되며, P.J.-식물(植物)은 줄기 상부(上部) 약 30. node, S.J.-식물(植物)은 하부(下部) 약 20. node부터 시작되었다. P.J.-식물(植物)에서는 기저(基底) 20. node까지의 Shoot는 화아형성(花芽形成)이 불가능한 조직 즉 불임(不姙) Zone으로 확인된 반면, S.J.-식물(植物)은 기저에서도 가임성(可姙性)으로 꽃눈형성이 활발히 진행되었다. 자연광주기(自然光週期)에 의한 첨단 생장점의 생육억제는 S.J.-식물(植物)에서 P.J.-식물(植物)보다 훨씬 더 민감하게 자극하였다. 이러한 현상은 S.J.-식물(植物)에서 광사비어네틱자극(Photocybernetic Stimulus)을 접수하는 광수용체(Photoacceptor)가 단일(短日)조건하에서 매우 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 추리(推理)할 수 있다. Wareing et al. (1976)이 내세운 Thesis. '리베스 기저부(基底部)의 불임성(Basis Sterility)이, 높은 $GA_3$함량에 기인된다'는 주장은 본실험(本實驗)으로 부인(否認)되었다. 따라서, 응용학적(應用學的) 측면에서 고려해 볼 때, 리베스식물(植物)의 육종기간 단축을 위한 모든 화아분화(花芽分化) 촉진 조치는 P.J.-식물(植物)이 20. node이상 생육하였을 때 취하는 것이 효율적인 것으로 결론 지어진다.

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Continuous rotary system과 single file system의 만곡 근관 형태 유지능에 대한 비교 연구 (Comparative Study on the Ability of Instruments to Maintain Original Canal Curvature of Continuous rotary System and Single File System)

  • 박상희;김덕중;송용범;이혜윤;김형선;이광원;유미경
    • 구강회복응용과학지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.371-383
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    • 2012
  • 성공적인 근관치료를 위하여 원래 근관 형태를 따르는 근관 성형 과정이 중요하다. 그러나 대부분의 근관은 만곡되어 있고, 근관 성형 기구는 직선의 금속을 기본으로 만들어지기 때문에 근관 성형 후 만곡 근관이 원래 근관 형태를 벗어나는 오류가 나타날 수 있다. 이런 오류들로 인하여 근관 치료가 실패할 수 있으므로 근관 성형시 원래 만곡형태를 유지할 수 있는 다양한 기술과 방법들이 소개되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 만곡 근관 형태의 레진 모형을 이용하여 기구의 형태와 사용방법이 다른 세 가지 Ni-Ti 파일을 사용하여 Ni-Ti 파일 종류에 따른 만곡 근관에 대한 성형 후 형태 유지능을 비교하는 것이다. 직경과 경사도가 ISO 15, 0.02인 30개의 레진모형을 사용하였다. 그룹 1은 Profile을 이용하여 #20/.06까지 근관 성형하였고, 그룹 2는 Mtwo를 이용하여 #35/.04까지 근관 성형하였으며, 그룹 3은 PathFile을 이용하여 glide path를 만들어준 다음 WaveOne 파일 중 Primary을 사용하여 근관 성형하였다. 기구 사용 전과 후의 레진모형을 스캔하여 디지털 이미지로 만들었다. 각 이미지를 중첩시킨 다음 Matlab r2010b 소프트웨어를 이용하여 곡률반경의 비(CRr)를 계산하였다. 이를 바탕으로 Ni-Ti file 간 성형 후 형태 유지능을 비교하기 위하여 1-way ANOVA를 이용하여 세 그룹의 CRr의 차이에 대한 유의성 검정을 시행하였다.(P<.05) 또한 continuous rotary system과 single file system간의 형태 유지능을 비교하기 위하여 independent t-test를 이용하였다.(P<.05) 곡률반경의 비(CRr)를 이용하여 Ni-Ti 파일 종류에 따른 만곡 근관의 형태 유지능을 비교한 결과 Ni-Ti file 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다.(P<0.05) ProFile과 WaveOne은 Mtwo에 비해서 만곡 근관에서의 형태 유지능이 우수하게 나타났다.Ni-Ti 기구 사용 방법에 따른 만곡 근관 형태 유지능을 비교한 결과 continuous rotary system과 single file system 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.(P>0.05) 본 연구결과에 따르면, ProFile과 WaveOne은 Mtwo에 비하여 만곡 근관에서의 형태 유지능이 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났으므로, ProFile과 WaveOne이 만곡근관에 대한 형태 유지능이 우수하다고 할 수 있다. 만곡근관에서의 형태 유지능에 있어서 continuous rotary system과 single file system은 만곡근관에서의 형태 유지능에 차이가 없다.

Silane Coupling제(劑) 처리(處理) Glass Fiber에 의(依)한 탄성체(彈性體)의 보강효과(補强效果)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Studies on the Reinforced Effect of Rubber Elastomer by means of Milled Glass Fiber Treated with Silane Coupling Agents)

  • 이상현;유종선;백남철
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.204-212
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    • 1987
  • 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 고무탄성체(彈性體)에 대(對)한 무기계(無機系) 충전제(充塡劑)의 보강(補强)을 충전제(充塡劑)의 입자표면(粒子表面)과 고무분자간(分子間)의 상호작용(相互作用)에 의(依)한 화학적(化學的) 결합(結合) 측면(測面)에서 유리단섬유(短纖維) 충전(充塡)에 의(依)한 Chloroprene 고무 가황체(加黃體)의 보강효과(補强效果)를 향상(向上)시킬 목적(目的)으로 분쇄(分碎)한 유리단섬유(短纖維)($L{\fallingdotseq}30.4{\mu}m,\;d=4{\mu}m$)에 silane coupling제(劑)로 표면처리(表面處理)하여 얻어진 복합체(複合體)를 배합(配合)한 가황계(加黃系)의 가황특성(加黃特性) 및 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)을 검토(檢討)하였다. 또한 APS배합(配合) CR 미가교체(末架橋體)를 대기중(大氣中)에 폭로(暴露)함으로서 APS에 의(依)한 후가교반응(後架橋反應)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. ODR에 나타난 각(各) 가황계(加黃系)의 적정가황시간(適正加黃時間)($t_{90}$)은 MGF 충전(充塡)의 APS배합(配合) 가황계(架黃系)의 MC가 가장 빠르며 MGF배합(配合) 미가교체(未架橋體) AM이 가장 느렸다. 그리고 silane coupling 처리(處理) MGF는 미처리(未處理) MGF보다 최대(最大) torque값이 더 크고 적정가황시간(適正加黃時間)이 빨랐다. 2. 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 있어서는 인장강도(引張强度), 인장응력(引張應力)이 SC가 가장 좋았으며, 유효강목쇄농도(有效綱目鎖濃度) 역시 SC가 가장 큰 값을 나타냈다. Silane coupling제(劑) 처리(處理) MGF는 미처리(未處理) 및 배합(配合) MGF보다 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)과 유효강목쇄농도(有效綱目鎖濃度)가 모두 우수하였다. 3. 열노화(熱老化)에 의(依)한 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)의 변화(變化)는 silica 충전(充塡)에서 $70^{\circ}C$, 72hr 노화시간(老化時間)을 전후(前後)하여 인장강도(引張强度), 인장응력(引張應力), 유효강목쇄농도(有效綱目鎖濃度)가 증가(增加), 감소(減少)하였으며 silane coupling제(劑) 처리(處理) MGF의 경우는 미처리(未處理) 및 배합(配合) MGF와는 달리 silica 충전계(充塡系)와 비슷한 특성(特性)을 나타내었다. 4. CR+APS+MGF와 CR+APS+silica의 미가교체(未架橋體)는 대기폭로(大氣暴露)에 의(依)한 시간(時間)의 경과에 따라 가교반응(架橋反應)이 진행(進行)되어 가교체(架橋體)의 유효강목쇄농도(有效綱目鎖濃度)와 인장물성(引張物性)이 증가(增加)되었다.

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금원사대가의학(金元四大家醫學)이 조선조의학(朝鮮朝醫學) 형성(形成)에 미친 영향(影響) (The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty)

  • 정면;홍원식
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제9권
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    • pp.432-552
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    • 1996
  • The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

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녹용 추출물 투여가 골다공증 유발 Rat 에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구 I. 녹용 추출물 투여가 골다공증 유발 Rat 의 혈청내 호르몬, Ca, P, ALP 수준에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the Effects of Antler Extract in Osteoporosis-Induced Rats I. Effects of Antler Extract on Hormones, Ca, P and ALP Levels in Osteoporosis-Induced Rats)

  • Kim, S. K;Kim, S. W.;Kim, M. S.
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.179-188
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    • 2000
  • 본 연구는 골다공증유발 rat에 녹용추출물의 투여가 예방 및 치료효과에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자, 양측 난소를 적출한 후 골다공증이 유발된 rat에 암, 수녹용 추출물 625, 1,250 mg/kg을 5 주간 투여하면서 혈청중 estradiol, progesterone, calcitonin, osteocalcin 농도와 Ca, P 및 ALP 함량변화등을 조사하였다. 1. 난소적출 후 골다공증이 유발된 rat에 암, 수녹용 추출물 625mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg을 각각 투여했을 때 혈청내 estradiol 수준은 난소적출군이 20.80$\pm$1.86~40.50$\pm$pg/$m\ell$로서 정상대조군의 49.50 :t2. 70-50.80 :t3.13 pg/$m\ell$에 비하여 유의한 감소를 나타냈다 (p<0.05). 2. 골다공증 유발 rat 에 암 수녹용 추출물 625 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg을 각각 투여했을 때 혈청중 progesterone 수준은 정상대조군의 50.90$\pm$3.63~53.40$\pm$2.74 ng/$m\ell$에 비하여 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 3. 골다공증 유발 rat 에 암, 수녹용 추출물 625 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg을 투여했을 때 혈청중 calcitonin 수준은 정상대조군의 0.64$\pm$0.03~0.68$\pm$0.04 pg/$m\ell$에 비 하여 약간 높은 증가를 나타냈으며 특히, 난소적출군은 대조군에 비해 현저한 감소를 나타냈다. 4. 골다공증 유발 rat 에 암, 수녹용 추출물 625 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg을 각각 투여했을 때 혈청중 osteocalcin 수준은 정상대 조군의 0.28$\pm$0.02 ~0.31$\pm$0.02 ng/$m\ell$에 비하여 약간 높은치를 나타냈다. 한편, 암, 수녹용 추출물의 처리군의 osteocalcin 치는 암컷녹용 추출물처리군이 약간 높았으나 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 5. 골다공증유발 rat에 암, 수녹용 추출물을 투여했을 때 혈청중 Ca, P 함량은 각각 정상대조군에 비하여 약간 높은 치를 나타냈으며, 난소적출 무처치군은 대조군에 비해 유의한 증가를 나타냈다 (p<0.05). 6. 골다공증유발 rat에 암, 수녹용 추출물을 투여했을 때 혈청중 ALP 함량은 정상대조군에 비하여 증가치를 나타냈으며, 암, 수사슴녹용 추출물의 처리군중 대조군과 FA1,250 처리군과 MA625 처리군간에 유의한 변화가 인정되었다 (p<0.05). 위의 결과들에서 암, 수녹용 추출액은 난소제거후의 estrogen의 감소를 억제시키고 골소실을 억제하므로 골다공증의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

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중국의 사지서목에 대하여 -육사예문$\cdot$경적지의 분류 및 편목체재 비교를 중심으로- (On the Bibliographies of Chinese Historical Books - Classifying and cataloguing system of six historical bibliographies -)

  • 강순애
    • 한국문헌정보학회지
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    • 제24권
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    • pp.289-332
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    • 1993
  • In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.

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뇌졸중(腦卒中)에 대(大)한 한방치료법(韓方治療法) 연구(硏究)(증치의학(證治醫學)과 사상의학(四象醫學)) 및 한방(韓方), 양방(洋方), 양(洋)·한방(韓方) 협진치료(協診治療) 효과(效果)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (The Study on the investigation of oriental medical theraphy(oriental medical theraphy by symptoms and signs and Sasang constitutional medicine)and the each effect of oriental medicine, occidental medicine and both joint control)

  • 김종원;김영균;김법영;이인선;이인선;장경전;권정남;이원외;송창원;박동일
    • 사상체질의학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.351-429
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    • 1998
  • The Purpose of Study 1. Inspection of clinical application on TCD to CVA 2. Objective Comparement and analysis about treatment effect of Western-Medicine, Korean Medicine, Cooperative consultation of Korean and Western medicice for CVA The Subject of Study We intended for the eighty six patient of CVA who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. I to 1998. 7. 31 1. View of CT, MRI : the patient of Cb infarction 2. Attack Time : The patient who coming hospital falling ill within the early one week The method of study 1. Treat four group of Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative consultation of Korean medicine and Western medicine. 2. Application of TCD Check the result for three times, immediatly after the attack, two months later, four months later 3. Comparative analysis of each treatment effect by clinical symptoms and pathologic examination 4. The Judgement of the patient The Result From 8/1/1997 to 7/31/1998, We have the following result by clinical analysis intended for CVA 86 patients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. 1 to 1998. 7. 31 in 1. Analysis according to Age The first stage of thirties, forties, seventies is heavier than forties, fifties in improvement and Index of improvement of symptom 2. Analysis according to sex We have no special relation in an average of symptom and improvement, Index improvement 3. Analysis according to Family History We have the better result in first stage and improvement, index improvement when no family history. 4. Analysis according to Past History We have no special relation in past history like hypertension, DM, heart problem 5. Analysis devided two group, above group and under group on the basis of the average in first stage of all patient. We have the better result when the first stage is light, that the first score of barthel index and CNS is high. 6. Analysis of the effect of treatment about Korean medical treatment, Western medical treatment, cooperative treatment. In this study, the highest group of rate of treatment at four contrast groups (Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative treatment according to dyagnosis and range of treatment was the patient group of doing dyagnosis and method of treatment based on constitution medicine theory. This is that of doing demostation, A-Tx, po-herb-medication according to dyagnosis and treat method of constitution of Lee Je-ma In case of left, the case of dyagnosis any disease according to doctor view but, normal in TCDwas 22-beginning of attack, 20- two weeks later, 11 case-four weeks later in case of right, 15-beginning of attack, 12-two weeks later, 9 case four weeks later. So left vessel compares to right vessel is more interference, in fact more than a 1/2 of the patients of MCA disease can't do dyagnosis. In rate of imparement, the state of pacient improved but there isn't the improved case of result in TCD. 7. In TCD dyagnosis, between the case of inconsus the doctor view specially MCA in brain blood vessel is in large numbers and in total 86's patient, impossible case of dyagnosis according to interferiance of temporal is 21 case. 7. Result study about application of Kreaan medical treatment 1) The impossible patient of observation MCA blood vescular for interference temporal bone happened in large numbers. 2) There is the case having difference result to CT,MRI, MRA result. 3) Because individual difference is large, excluding to ananalogy of symptom. This is normal numerical value that has possibility of being checked as abnormal numerical value 4) there are a lot of cases that the speed of normal part is as similarly measured as that of abnormal part. It means that we cannot judge the disease by this measure 5) It is rare that this measure represent degree of improvement in patient's condition of disease. When we observe patient's condition become better, but we have no case that the result of TCD test better. 6) The result could be appear differently by the technique of the tester or by the experience of the tester 7) In the TCD test, abnormal symptoms is checked at 0 week, but at 2th week, normal symptoms is checked, again at 4th week abnormal is checked. According to the above result, CVA diagnosis is difficult only with TCD, as it appear in diagnosis error check which is suggested in the problem connected to project, for the aged persons who have the worst hardening of part of the cranium (1998. 5. 26 77 of 83 patients is 50s) there is a lot of cases that the measurement is impossible by TCD and the correction of measurement numerical value is decreased, as the age of cerebral infarction is high, TCD is inappropriate to diagnosis equipment through this study.

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수렴각과 치관 길이를 달리한 금속 다이상에서 치과용 시멘트 합착 후 전부주조관의 유지력 비교 (Comparison of the retention of the full veneer casted gold crowns with varying convergence angle, crown length and dental cements)

  • 윤중호;조진형;김지환;이근우
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제51권2호
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2013
  • 연구 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 다이의 수렴각과 치관길이의 차이와 시멘트 종류의 차이가 전부주조관의 유지력에 미치는 영향을 비교한 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 치관 길이 5 mm와 10 mm의 금속다이를 각각 5, 10, 15, 25도의 수렴각을 갖도록 제작한 후 전부주조관을 치과용 시멘트 중, 인산아연 시멘트(Fleck's Zinc Phosphate Cement, Mizzy Co., Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 레진-변형 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트(Vitremer, 3M Dental Products, St, Paul, MN, USA), 레진 시멘트(Panavia 21, Kuraray Co., Osaka, Japan)로 합착하고 500회 thermocycling을 시도한 후, Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron Corp., Canton, MA, USA)에 장착시켜, 인장력을 가하여 전부주조금관이 분리될 때 까지 인장력을 측정하여 분리되는 순간의 최대하중값(N)을 측정, 비교하였다. 통계분석은 측정된 각 군간 유지력의 상호관계를 알아보기 위하여 one-way 및 two-way ANOVA를 시행하였고 동일 길이를 가진 시멘트 군 사이에서의 수렴각 차이에 따른 영향, 다이 길이 증가에 따른 영향 및 유지력 차이를 검정하기 위해 t-test를, 수렴각 증가 에 따른 유의성을 살펴 보기 위해서는 Tukey's HSD test를 시행하였다(${\alpha}$=0.05). 결과: 동일 수렴각에서 평균 유지력은 레진 시멘트, 인산아연 시멘트, 레진-변형 글래스 아이오노머 시멘트 순으로 높게 나타났으며 모든 시멘트에서 수렴각의 증가에 따 라서 평균 유지력은 유의차를 보이면서 감소하였다(P<.05). 동일 수렴각에서 10 mm 실험군은 다이 길이 5 mm 실험군과 비교해보았을 때 길이 증가에 따른 유지력의 증가가 통계학적으로 유의차를 나타내면서 증가된 결과를 보였다. 5 mm 실험군에서 유지력은 수렴각의 변화와 시멘트의 종류, 수렴각과 시멘트의 상호영향(interaction)에서 모두 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다(P=.001). 각 시멘트 군에서의 유지력은 10 mm 길이 금속 다이의 수렴각이 증가할수록 유의한 차이를 보이면서 감소한 것으로 나타났다 (P=.0001). 결론: 임상에서 사용되고 있는 특정 치과용 시멘트의 적용시 유지력은 지대치의 기하학적 형태에 영향을 받고 있으며 서로 다른 치관 길이와 수렴각을 가지는 경우 유지 력 증가를 위해 시멘트 선택에 있어 주의가 요망된다.

지역사회 획득 메치실린 내성 포도알균에 의한 포도알균 열상 피부 증후군의 임상적 고찰 (A clinical review of community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome)

  • 허순영;송윤정;김성준;박선영;강두철;마상혁
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.83-90
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    • 2007
  • 목 적 : 포도알균 열상 피부 증후군(Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome)은 포도알균의 피부박탈성 독소에 의하여 전신성 수포와 낙설을 일으키는 포도알균의 피부 감염증의 한 형태이다. 환자들의 임상양상과 치료의 결과, 합병증 등을 알고 자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 2월부터 2005년 12월까지 특징적인 피부병변을 보여 포도알균 열상 피부 증후군으로 진단된 53명의 환자들을 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하였고 임상형을 전신형, 중간형, 부전형 등으로 분류하고 2003년 9월이후 부터 발생한 환자의 비강 내 검체를 이용하여 원인 균 및 독소를 규명하였다. 결 과 : 1) 연구기간 동안 4S로 진단되어 치료한 환자는 총 53명이었다. 발병연령은 생후 20일부터 7세까지 분포하였으며, 평균연령은 2.8세였다. 성별은 남자가 35명이었고 여자는 18명으로 남여 성비는 1.9:1이었다. 2) 임상적인 유형은 전신형이 6례(11%), 중간형이 29례(55%), 부전형이 18례(34%)로 중간형이 가장 많았다. 대부분의 환자에서 혈액 검사 상 백혈구 증다증이나 C반응단백의 증가는 없었다. 3) 2003년 9월 이후에 15명 환자의 비강에서 얻은 검체 중 14명의 환자에서 얻은 검체에서 포도알균을 분리하였고 피부박탈성 독소는 독소 B의 유전자를 확인하였고 Panton-Valentine leukocidin의 유전자는 음성으로 나왔다. 4) 입원하여 치료받은 환자의 경우 평균 입원 기간은 7.3일이었으며 사용한 항생제는 amoxacillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, vancomycin 등이었다. 모든 환자에서 전신적인 낙설이 나타났으며 임상형이나 사용한 항생제 종류에 관계없이 모든 환자가 특별한 합병증이 없이 회복이 되었다. 결 론 : 창원과 인근 지역에서 단기간 내에 지역사회 획득 메치실린 내성 포도알균감염으로 인한 다수의 4S 환자가 연속적으로 발생하였으며 원인은 피부박탈성 독소 B이었다.

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