• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2002

신발산업은 최근의 소비자들의 생활양식이 변화하면서 목적에 따른 다양한 요구를 수용하기 위한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 특히 신발을 착용할 때 요구되는 고도의 기능성 및 쾌적성은 이미 보편화된 요구조건이다. 이러한 관점에서 천연피혁제품은 다양한 기능성을 부여하는데 많은 제약을 받기 때문에 신발소재로서 합성피혁의 비중은 급속히 증가하고 있으며, 이와 관련한 연구는 주로 기능성 및 내구성을 부여하는데 초점을 두고 있다[1]. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.149-150
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• 2008

인체에 무해한 친환경 소재인 TPU수지를 인조합성피혁에 채용하여 기존에는 없던 통기성을 부여하였으며 PU 소재의 제품보다 내가수분해성이 뛰어나면서 기본물성이 우수한 고감성 인조합성 피혁 제품을 개발하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.283-284
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• 2003

습식응고법에 의한 다공성 폴리우레탄-부직포 합성피혁은 일반적으로 DMF 또는 MEK 둥의 용제로 희석한 폴리우레탄 수지에 니들펀칭 부직포를 함침하여 기포를 준비한 후, 폴리우레탄으로 코팅하여 비용매인 물에서 응고하는 방법으로 제조한다. 따라서 합성피혁은 부직포의 물성, 함침조건, 코팅조건 및 응고조건에 따라 물성의 차이를 나타낼 것으로 판단된다[l]. 특히 합성피혁의 물성은 폴리우레탄 코팅층의 내부에 형성되는 셀(cell)의 크기, 분포 및 형태에 크게 의존한다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.238-245
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• 2014

Objectives: It was known that workers in synthetic leather company are mainly co-exposed to dimethylformamide(DMF) with methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) or toluene(TOL) instead of a single dimethylformamide. This study was examined to the physico-chemical properties in single DMF and binary mixture DMF with MEK or TOL. Materials: Physico-chemical properties were measured by Korean and American Standard Test Methods. Results: Boiling point, specific gravity and flash point in single DMF were significantly higher than binary mixture DMF with MEK or TOL and such difference was dependent on the mixing ratio of MEK and TOL, and low explosion limit in binary mixture DMF with TOL was only significantly lower than single DMF. However, Reid vapor pressure had significantly higher in binary mixture DMF with MEK or TOL compared with single DMF. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the binary mixture DMF with MEK or TOL synergistically increases volatilization of DMF. It was concluded that the interaction between DMF and MEK and/or TOL might play a key role in the volatilization process of DMF under environmental conditions of workplace.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2001

This study was performed to measure airborne dimethylformamide(DMF), methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) and toluene and their urinary metabolites concentrations and to determine the relationship between airborne and urinary concentration. Airborne samples and their urinary metabolites were measured 98 male workers who work for 8 synthetic leather factories in a portion of Kyoung-In area. Urine samples were collected at end-of-shift to estimate the exposure levels. 1. The concentration of airborne DMF by process was 8.81 ppm for wet-mixing, 15.05 ppm for wet-coating, 6.03 ppm for dry-mixing, 5.58 ppm for dry-coating, 5.37 ppm for printing, and 9.03 ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary NMF concentrations of wet-mixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were $90.55mg/{\ell}$, $79.80mg/{\ell}$, $39.86mg/{\ell}$, $25.23mg/{\ell}$, and $38.15mg/{\ell}$, respectively, and total geometric mean was $56.24mg/{\ell}$. There was significant difference by process. 2. The concentration of airborne MEK by process was 1.89 ppm for wet-mixing, 1.96 ppm for wet-coating, 10.33 ppm for dry-mixing, 29.24 ppm for dry-coating, 14.98 ppm for printing, and 4.87 ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary MEK concentrations of wetmixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were $0.93mg/{\ell}$, $0.70mg/{\ell}$, $3.29mg/{\ell}$, $3.29mg/{\ell}$, and $1.06mg/{\ell}$, respectively, and total geometric mean was $1.25mg/{\ell}$. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary MEK 3. The concentration of airborne toluene by process was 0.35ppm for wet-mixing, 0.42ppm for wet-coating, 2.95ppm for dry-mixing, 11.67ppm for dry-coating, 4.88ppm for printing, 1.24ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary hippuric acid concentrations of wet-mixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were 0.24g/g creatinine, 0.21g/g creatinine, 0.34g/g creatinine, 0.52g/g creatinine, and 0.29g/g creatinine, respctively and total geometric mean was 0.28g/g creatinine. There was statistically significant difference by process. 4. No. of exceeded KPEL was 40 workers(40.8%) for DMF(10ppm), 1 worker(1.0%) for MEK(200ppm), and no worker for toluene(100ppm). No. of exceeded KBEI was 62 workers(63.3%) for urinary NMF($40mg/{\ell}$), 29 workers(29.6%) for urinary MEK, 1 worker(1.0%) for urinary hippuric acid. 5. The regression equations were Log(NMF)=0.4094*Log(DMF)+1.3587(r=0.4516) for DMF, Log(MEKU)=0.1859*Log(MEK)-0.0324(r=0.3303) for MEK, Log(HA)=0.2106*Log(Toluene)-0.5685(r=0.4497) for toluene. Synthetic leather factory workers expose to 3 kinds of organic solvents which are DMF, MEK and toluene. Their urinary NMF and MEK levels were higher than their concentration levels through respiratory. It seems that the urinary levels were affected skin absorption for working habit and alcohol intake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.417-426
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• 2010

In this study, ten different bio-adsorbents were prepared by immobilization of vegetable tannins such as mimosa(Catechol Tannin) and chestnut(Pyrogallol Tannin) on the collagen matrix which was derived from during leather manufacturing processing. Removal efficiency of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) by each bio-adsorbent in synthetic wastewater was evaluated by a laboratory-scale batch reactor at different reaction conditions. When mimosa was used as a vegetable tannin, the penetration efficiency of mimosa into the inner bundle of fiber depended on the dose of the naphthalene condensated penetrant; 3% ${\geq}$ 1.5% > 0%. For all bio-adsorbents, removal of heavy metal ions was not observed below pH 3.0 but was rapidly increased between pH 3.0 and 6.0, showing near complete removal of all heavy metal ions except Zn(II) above pH 6.0. Removal of Cr(III) was quite similar for all bio-adsorbents while removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was higher by bio-adsorbents immobilized with chestnut than that by mimosa. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by S10 bio-adsorbent was little affected by the presence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes as well as variation of 1000 times ionic concentration with $NaNO_3$.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2001

The purification, dissolution and powdering of stained waste silk obtained from weaving and dyeing process were studied for the surface modification of textile fabric and plastic materials. The whiteness of stained waste silk could be improved through degumming and bleaching with sodium hydrosulfite. The water-soluble fibroin solution can be obtained by dissoving the degummed waste silk in a boiling solution of 50% calcium chloride for 60 minutes. The salts and heavy metals contained in fibroin solution were removed by electric dialysis, wool fiber filtration and gel filtration chromatography. The fibroin powder was prepared by using a fine grinder after the alkali treatment for weakening the silk fiber. The fine fibroin powder of particle size around 30 ㎛ was obtained with a ultra fine-mill, while it was finer below 10 ㎛ with a ball-mill. The dissolved or powdered silk was applied to the surface of fabric with addition of the binder (a urethane resin). The moisture content of polyester and nylon fabrics treated with the silk solution was improved due to hygroscopic property of silk. The fine fibroin powder mixed with the binder ws coated on the surface of synthetic film by use of the air pressed sprayer. It was revealed that the hygroscopicity as well as the softness of fibroin powder coated film was much improved. Therefore, it is thought that the fine silk fibroin powder is applicable as an coating agent for the surface modification of plastic and synthetic leather.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1976

The hitherto existing gap in the field of chromatographic methods has been filled by the direct coupling of a suitable oven (TAS-oven) with TLC. The sample to be examined is heated either isothermally or linearly within the temperature gradient of $50{\sim}450^{\circ}C$. The volatile and/or thermolytically evolved substances are fractionated on the TLC-layer and subsequently chromatographed under standard conditions. Transport mechanisms from the sample to the TLC-layer, applications of the TAS-procedure and further developments are discussed. Thermofractography, developed from the TAS-procedure, is demonstrated on different groups of natural substances such as alkaloids, amino acids, nucleic acids. nucleosides, nucleotides, triglycerides and other lipids, pyrone glycosides and aglycon. Experimental work and results on the thermolysis of macromolecular natural and synthetic substances, natural polyphenols, tanning agents and leather and the possibilities of differentiating various lignins, carbohydrate and synthetic polymers are reported. Further, it is shown that classical reactions in the microgram range, e.g. zinc dust distillation, sulphur-and selenium dehydrogenation and catalytic dehydrogenation, can be coupled directly with TLC. Also described is a method which allows to investigate the gaseous compounds evolved during thermofractography in the range of up to $450^{\circ}C$. Thermal procedures coupled with TLC open up the following new possibilities for chemical microanalysis: fractionated separation of distillable and sublimable components, fractionated thermolysis and carrying out of thermal reactions in the ultra micro range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.9
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• pp.77-94
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• 2010

It was the era, from 1876 to 1910, that some dramatic changes, including an influx of foreign dyes and the beginning of the modern dyeing manufacture, happened in Korea. This paper explores what dyes were sold in the market in this period, who was the main seller of the goods, and how the dyers produced their products. A wide range of natural dye stuffs coexisted with the various kinds of aniline dyes, alizarin dye and synthetic indigo in the market. Coloring materials had been sold by hwapi-jeon, a group of official merchants who acquired a privilege of monopoly from the government. However, the dyes were also traded by sang-jeon and yakguk merchants in the nineteenth century. Most of the synthetic dyes sold in Korea were produced in Germany or in Japan later, and imported in large amount by Chinese, Japanese and German merchants. Yet there also existed Korean merchants and peddlers who sold the goods to the local consumers. Dyers were male and female who belonged to the middle class. They received the orders and payments from the government or merchants. Not only did they dye textiles, threads, cotton, paper and leather, but they also redyed clothes. Indigo dyers were differentiated from other dyers. Modern dyeing manufacture, which was presumably forced to keep pace with the productivity of the weaving process, appeared in the 1900s. It was a branch of the modern weaving manufacture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.42-48
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• 2002

Experiments on burning process of the industrial wastes were performed on a nozzle-type grate in the industrial waste incinerator with a capacity of 160 kilograms per hour. The temporal variations of temperatures and concentrations of the exhaust gas were measured and analyzed. The synthetic leather waste with the moisture content less than 2% was used. The experimental results show that the CO concentration in the exhaust gas exceeds the limit, 600 ppm, and the gas temperature fluctuates too much when 8 kg of waste was supplied every 3 minutes, equivalent to the capacity of 160kg per hour. That is a typical burning mode of this high-calorific industrial waste. When the smaller unit waste input, 6kg per every 2 min 15 seconds was supplied, we could reduce the fluctuations of the furnace temperature and improve the exhaust emissions, especially the CO concentration.